SARS-CoV-2 detection by direct rRT-PCR without RNA extraction

Rapid and reliable screening of SARS-CoV-2 is fundamental to assess viral spread and limit the pandemic we are facing. In this study, we compared direct rRT-PCR method (without RNA extraction) using SeeGene AllplexTM 2019-nCoV rRT-PCR with the RealStar® SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR kit (Altona Diagnostics). Furthermore, we assessed the impact of swab storage media composition on PCR efficiency. We show that SeeGene and Altona's assays provide similar efficiency. Importantly, we provide evidence that RNA extraction can be successfully bypassed when samples are stored in UTM medium or in molecular water but not when samples are stored in saline solution and in Hanks medium. © 2020 The Author(s

Asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19 in a confined adult community population in Quebec: a cross-sectional study

Several countries have undertaken social distancing measures to stop SARS-CoV-2 spread. Asymptomatic carriers’ prevalence is unknown and would provide essential information on hidden viral circulation. In our cross-sectional study, 1.82% of 330 asymptomatic confined individuals living in the community carried SARS-CoV-2 despite no contact with declared cases, raising concerns about unnoticed transmission

Efficient Production of HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles from a Mammalian Expression Vector Requires the N-Terminal Capsid Domain

It is now well accepted that the structural protein Pr55Gag is sufficient by itself to produce HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs). This polyprotein precursor contains different domains including matrix, capsid, SP1, nucleocapsid, SP2 and p6. In the present study, we wanted to determine by mutagenesis which region(s) is essential to the production of VLPs when Pr55Gag is inserted in a mammalian expression vector, which allows studying the protein of interest in the absence of other viral proteins. To do so, we first studied a minimal Pr55Gag sequence called Gag min that was used previously. We found that Gag min fails to produce VLPs when expressed in an expression vector instead of within a molecular clone. This failure occurs early in the cell at the assembly of viral proteins. We then generated a series of deletion and substitution mutants, and examined their ability to produce VLPs by combining biochemical and microscopic approaches. We demonstrate that the matrix region is not necessary, but that the efficiency of VLP production depends strongly on the presence of its basic region. Moreover, the presence of the N-terminal domain of capsid is required for VLP production when Gag is expressed alone. These findings, combined with previous observations indicating that HIV-1 Pr55Gag-derived VLPs act as potent stimulators of innate and acquired immunity, make the use of this strategy worth considering for vaccine development

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

European contribution to the study of ROS: A summary of the findings and prospects for the future from the COST action BM1203 (EU-ROS).

The European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) provides an ideal framework to establish multi-disciplinary research networks. COST Action BM1203 (EU-ROS) represents a consortium of researchers from different disciplines who are dedicated to providing new insights and tools for better understanding redox biology and medicine and, in the long run, to finding new therapeutic strategies to target dysregulated redox processes in various diseases. This report highlights the major achievements of EU-ROS as well as research updates and new perspectives arising from its members. The EU-ROS consortium comprised more than 140 active members who worked together for four years on the topics briefly described below. The formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is an established hallmark of our aerobic environment and metabolism but RONS also act as messengers via redox regulation of essential cellular processes. The fact that many diseases have been found to be associated with oxidative stress established the theory of oxidative stress as a trigger of diseases that can be corrected by antioxidant therapy. However, while experimental studies support this thesis, clinical studies still generate controversial results, due to complex pathophysiology of oxidative stress in humans. For future improvement of antioxidant therapy and better understanding of redox-associated disease progression detailed knowledge on the sources and targets of RONS formation and discrimination of their detrimental or beneficial roles is required. In order to advance this important area of biology and medicine, highly synergistic approaches combining a variety of diverse and contrasting disciplines are needed.The EU-ROS consortium (COST Action BM1203) was supported by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST). The present overview represents the final Action dissemination summarizing the major achievements of COST Action BM1203 (EU-ROS) as well as research news and personal views of its members. Some authors were also supported by COST Actions BM1005 (ENOG) and BM1307 (PROTEOSTASIS), as well as funding from the European Commission FP7 and H2020 programmes, and several national funding agencies

Impact du stade de maturation de la molécule cellulaire HLA-DR sur son incorporation dans le virus d'immunodéficience humaine de type-1

La molécule HLA-DR du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II (CMH-II) est fortement incorporée dans l'enveloppe virale du virus d'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1). L'expression à la membrane cytoplasmique de cette même molécule est modulée à la baisse par la protéine virale Nef. D'autre part, Nef augmente l'expression de la chaîne invariante CD74, une autre protéine du CMH-II associée avec HLA-DR dans un complexe protéique immature. D'autres protéines accessoires virales, telles Vpu, interagissent avec le CMH-II. Vpu diminue l'expression de HLA-DR et interagit avec la portion intracellulaire de CD74. Cette étude a pour but de vérifier si les complexes immatures de CMH-II sont incorporés dans l'enveloppe virale du VIH-1. Elle veut aussi vérifier l'impact de la présence de Nef et de Vpu sur l'incorporation du CMH-II. La modulation à la baisse de HLA-DR et l'augmentation d'expression de CD74 induite par Nef ont été confirmées à la surface de lymphocytes T CD4+. La molécule CD74 représentant un complexe de CMH-II immature ne semble pas être incorporée dans l'enveloppe virale, peu importe la présence ou l'absence de Nef et de Vpu lors de l'infection. La présence de Nef ne semble pas influencer l'incorporation de HLA-DR qui demeure toujours fortement incorporée. Vpu semble important pour l'incorporation du HLA-DR, puisqu'un virus sans Vpu incorpore nettement moins de HLA-DR. Un mutant déficient en phosphorylation sur deux serines de Vpu, pour sa part, semble permettre une incorporation partielle de cette même molécule. Ces résultats semblent indiquer que HLA-DR est incorporée selon son stade de maturation et que Vpu est essentielle à l'incorporation de HLA-DR

Nuage, Ion Cloud Tracker

International audienceNUAGE is a data parallel Matlab code which simulates the ion cloud effect in electron storage rings. The ion cloud is tracked in the ring taking into account the transverse and longitudinal effect of the beam-ion interaction, tracking in magnetic elements, usage of electrodes and gaps as clearing means. This program has been used to compute ionised ion equilibrium state and its neutralisation factor. In this article the NUAGE code is presented. The model, analysis method and performances are discussed

MA region is not required for VLP production.

<p>(A) 293T cells were transfected either with Gag WT, MA mutants (i.e. MAΔ8–132 and MAΔ44–132) or pcDNA3.1 (+) vector. At 48 h post-transfection, both the cell lysates and cell-free supernatants were analyzed on a gradient SDS-PAGE with Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. (B) In parallel, an IP assay was performed using the anti-p24 antibody on the same samples. Precipitated proteins were run on gradient SDS-PAGE and Gag proteins were analyzed by Western Blotting (WB). The Biochemical experiments shown are representative of at least three independent experiments.</p

Gag min proteins show a diffuse distribution pattern.

<p>293T cells were transfected either with Gag WT (upper panels), Gag min (middle panels) or pcDNA3.1 (+) vector (bottom panels). At 48 h post-transfection, cells were fixed and permeabilized for immunofluorescence assays as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0028314#s4" target="_blank"><i>Materials and Methods</i></a>. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. White arrows indicate a punctiform distribution of Gag proteins. The samples were visualized with a Nikon eclipse TE 300 inverted microscope (magnification: x 1,000). The experiment shown is representative of 3 independent experiments.</p

Quantitative analysis of VLP formation.

<p>Gag protein signals from cell-free supernatants and cell lysates following transfection with the studied HIV-1 Pr55^Gag-derived plasmids were quantified by scanning the band densities on the WB membranes using a Typhoon 9200 fluorescent laser scanner. Ratios of total Gag protein levels in the cell-free supernatants to those in cells extracts were determined for each construct, and compared with the same ratio for Gag WT. Results shown were obtained by dividing the release ratio for each mutant by the ratio for the Gag WT and multiplying by 100. Data shown represent at least three independent experiments for each mutant. Error bars indicate standard deviations.</p