ÜRÜN TASARIM VE GELİŞTİRME SÜRECİNE STRATEJİK YAKLAŞIM VE ENDÜSTRİYEL TASARIM FAALİYETLERİNİN ETKİNLİĞİ

Emerging economies face international competition and moreover, similar technology applies to organizations in the relevant industry. Therefore companies must strive to keep their market positions or create new business opportunities. Novel and innovative strategies are required in either case, which depends on differentiation in the market. Recognized as a value for sustainable competitive advantage and commercial success, industrial design (ID) has an essential role. This paper proposes that strategic approach to product design and development process is beneficial for the effectiveness of ID practices. Context of the research in the study is divided into two sections. The first section derived from a study previously conducted in Poland and aimed to observe whether Turkish companies recognized ID as a strategic tool for differentiation. A comparison of the results was made with the results obtained in Poland. The second section of the research context focuses on Turkish companies. To explore how strategic approach to product design and development process impacts on ID practices; factors and hypotheses were generated through principal components analysis prior to regression analysis to analyze the relationship. 198 companies from textile, furniture, and home appliances industries took part in the research. Major indications of the research show that strategic effect of teamwork has a central role in effective ID practices. Gelismekte olan ekonomilerdeki isletmeler, hiç kuskusuz bir yandan uluslararası rekabet kosullarıyla öte yandan aynı alanda faaliyet gösteren diger isletmelerin aynı teknolojiyi kullanmasının yaygınlasmasıyla mücadele etmek durumundadır. Bu nedenle örgütler pazardaki konumlarını korumak ve yeni is fırsatları gelistirmek durumundadır. Her iki durumda da pazarda farklılasmaya dayanan yeni ve inovatif stratejiler gerekmektedir. Sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı ve ticari basarı için bir deger olarak kabul gören endüstriyel tasarımın bu açıdan önemli bir rolü bulunmaktadır. Bu çalısma kapsamında ürün tasarım ve gelistirme sürecine startejik yaklasımın endüstriyel tasarım uygulamaları için yararlı oldugu görüsü ortaya konmaktadır. Arastırma kapsamı iki bölüm dahilinde düsünülmüstür. Birinci bölüm, kaynagını daha önce Polonya'da yapılmıs bir arastırmadan almakta ve Türk isletmelerinin farklılasmak adına endüstriyel tasarımı ne ölçüde bir stratejik gereç olarak gördüklerini gözlemlemeyi amaçlamaktadır ve Polonya'daki arastırma bulguları ile karsılastırılmıs bulgular sunmaktadır. 9kinci bölüm ise Türk isletmelerine odaklanmakta ve ürün tasarım ve gelistirme sürecine stratejik yaklasımın endüstriyel tasarım uygulamalarını nasıl etkiledigi ele almaktadır. Faktör analizi sonucunda endüstriyel tasarım boyutunda üç faktör (endüstriyel tasarımın diger is süreçleri ile uyumu, estetik ve ergonomik uygunluk) ile stratejik ürün gelistirme boyutunda üç faktör (takım çalısması, sürekli inovasyon ve pazara odaklanma) ortaya çıkmıs ve bu faktörler regresyon analizi ile incelenmistir. Tekstil, mobilya ve ev aletleri alanlarında faaliyet gösteren 198 isletme arastırma kapsamına dahil edilmistir. Takım çalısmasının etkisinin endüstriyel tasarım uygulamalarında önemli rolü oldugu temel bulgu olarak söylenebilir

Assessment of teachers' perceptions of organizational citizenship behaviors and psychological empowerment: An empirical analysis in Turkey

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCM) are discretionary individual behaviors that are not directly recognized by the reward system, but in the aggregate promote the overall effectiveness and functioning of the organization. Scholarly concern in OCB has increased dramatically over the past two decades. Nevertheless, there are significant research gaps and key issues yet to he addressed. Furthermore, employee empowerment can be conceptualized as the symbolic construction of the personal state of employees characterized by competence, or the skill and ability to perform effectively, and control, or the authority and autonomy to act. The main purpose of our study is to measure of organizational citizenship behaviors and psychological empowerment on teachers.This empiric research is planned to be realized by surveying method. Teachers in province Bursa have been reached and asked to participate in the study. We reached to 332 participants. The survey instrument included organizational citizenship behaviors, psychological empowerment and demographic questions about the participants. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd

Knowledge Sharing Behavior Of Business Teachers Of Pakistani Universities: An Empirical Testing Of Theory Of Planned Behavior

This study aims to explain the knowledge sharing behavior of business teachers of Pakistani Universities using the theory of planned behavior. For this purpose, data was collected from 157 business teachers serving in the Pakistani Universities. Smart-PLS has been used to analyze the collected data. Factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha confirmed the validity and reliability of the measurement scales. Similarly, Structural model were applied to find out the relationship among independent variables (attitude towards knowledge sharing, subjective norms of knowledge sharing, perceived behavioral control of knowledge sharing) and dependent variable (knowledge sharing intention and knowledge sharing behavior). The findings show positive and significant relationship among all the study variables

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Türkiye 2023 hedefi İçin imovasyon bir araç olabilir mi?

İnovasyon, ülkelerin sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümeleri, toplumların refahı ve işletmelerin rekabet gücünün temelini oluşturan bir kavram olarak sıkça dile getirilmektedir. Öyle ki devletlerin işletmelere verdikleri hemen tüm destekler inovatif olma ile ilişkilendirilmekte, işletmeler de başarılarını ortaya koyarken inovatif yönlerini vurgulamaktadır. Bunun için dünya genelinde birçok sanayici, işadamı, bilim adamı ve politikacı inovasyonun ekonomik büyümedeki rolünün vazgeçilmez olduğunu savunmaktadırlar. 80’lerde kalite, 90’larda hız, nasıl işletmeler için en önemli kavram olarak ele alınıp incelendi ise bugün de iş dünyasında en çok incelenen kavram hiç şüphesiz inovasyondur. İnovasyonu engelleyen ve belki de en büyük handikaplardan biri olarak görülen imitasyon (taklitçilik) ise yine bu paralelde tartışılan kavramlar arasındadır. Son döneme kadar imitasyon denilince utanç verici bir kavram akla gelmekte bu nedenle de üzerinde durulmamaktaydı. Oysa inovatif olarak bilinen birçok marka bir başka markanın ürününden, sürecinden ya da iş modelinden esinlenerek kendi markasını oluşturmuş ve başarıya ulaşmıştır. Son dönemde Oded Shenkar, ezber bozan bir yaklaşımla, imitasyon (taklitçilik) ve inovasyon kavramlarının bir araya gelmesiyle oluşan ‘imovasyon’ kavramını ortaya atınca yeni bir tartışma konusunu ateşlemiş oldu. Literatürde henüz ampirik çalışmaların çok fazla olmadığı bu alanda sonraki araştırmalar için zemin oluşturmak amacıyla bu çalışmada, Türkçe ‘imovasyon’ veya ‘yenilikçi taklitçilik’ olarak kullanılan bu kavram, kavramsal olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede, inovasyon ve imovasyon kavramları, imovasyonun fasonculuk veya pür taklitçilik olup olmadığı tartışılacak; en az 500 milyar ihracat ile 2023 yılında dünyanın en büyük 10 ekonomisinden biri olmayı hedefleyen ülkemiz için bir model olarak Güney Kore gibi imovasyonla başarıyı yakalamış bir ekonomi bu bakış açısı ile değerlendirilmiştir