Chemical constituents and cockroach repellent activity of Sudanese Cyperus rotundus rhizomes essential oil

Cockroaches are among the most adaptive creatures to the environment; they dwell on the earth’s surface for the past millions of years. The presence of cockroaches is posing serious health issues in many countries of the world. Searching for an effective natural repellent agent has become a highly important attempt to control these insects. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions of essential oil from Sudanese Cyperus rotundus rhizomes and determine their repellent activity against American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). The obtained essential oil was radish yellow in color, the oil content was 0.73% and forty-four constituents were identified. The most major components were: Isolongifolol (7.63%), longiverbenone (5.61%), β-cadinene (5.54%), and longifolenaldehyde (5.16%). The oil was characterized by sesquiterpenes abundance 52.45% (oxygenated sesquiterpenes 30.72% and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons 21.73%); whereas, monoterpenes comprised 8.43% (oxygenated monoterpenes 6.81%, and monoterpenes hydrocarbons 1.62%). The experiment showed that the essential oil possesses promising results as a repellent against P. americana. Therefore, conducting more research on isolation, identification of active compounds and extensive tests on other types of cockroaches are priorities in future studies

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Identification of functional tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter variants associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in the Sudanese population: Computational approach

© 2022 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a ubiquitous bacterium that affects nearly half of the world's population with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Polymorphisms within the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-A) promoter region are considered a possible genetic basis for this disease. AIM To functionally characterize the genetic variations in the TNF-A 5'-region (-584 to +107) of Sudanese patients infected with H. pylori using in silico tools. METHODS An observational study was carried out in major public and private hospitals in Khartoum state. A total of 122 gastric biopsies were taken from patients who had been referred for endoscopy. Genomic DNA was extracted. Genotyping of the TNF-A-1030 polymorphism was performed using PCR with confronting two-pair primer to investigate its association with the susceptibility to H. pylori infection in the Sudanese population. Furthermore, Sanger sequencing was applied to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5'-region (-584 to +107) of TNF-A in H. pylori-infected patients. Bioinformatics analyses were used to predict whether these mutations would alter transcription factor binding sites or composite regulatory elements in this region. A comparative profiling analysis was conducted in 11 species using the ECR browser and multiple-sequence local alignment and visualization search engine to investigate the possible conservation. Also, a multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to estimate odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for the association between TNF-A -1030, sociodemographic characteristics and H. pylori infection. Differences were statistically significant if P A, -76) was located at the in silico-predicted promoter region (-146 to +10), and it was predicted to alter transcription factor binding sites and composite regulatory elements. A novel mutation (A > T, +27) was detected in the 5' untranslated region, and it could affect the post-transcriptional regulatory pathways. Genotyping of TNF-A-1030 showed a lack of significant association between - 1030T and susceptibility to H. pylori and gastric cancer in the studied population ( P = 0.1756) and (P = 0.8116), respectively. However, a significant association was detected between T/C genotype and H. pylori infection (39.34% vs 19.67%, odds ratio = 2.69, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-6.17, P = 0.020). Mammalian conservation was observed for the (-146 to +10) region in chimpanzee (99.4%), rhesus monkey (95.6%), cow (91.8%), domesticated dog (89.3%), mouse (84.3%), rat (82.4%) and opossum (78%). CONCLUSION Computational analysis was a valuable method for understanding TNF-A gene expression patterns and guiding further in vitro and in vivo experimental validation

<p>Identification of functional tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter variants associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in the Sudanese population: Computational approach</p>

BACKGROUND & nbsp;Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a ubiquitous bacterium that affects nearly half of the world's population with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Polymorphisms within the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-A) promoter region are considered a possible genetic basis for this disease.& nbsp;AIM & nbsp;To functionally characterize the genetic variations in the TNF-A 5'-region (-584 to +107) of Sudanese patients infected with H. pylori using in silico tools.& nbsp;METHODS & nbsp;An observational study was carried out in major public and private hospitals in Khartoum state. A total of 122 gastric biopsies were taken from patients who had been referred for endoscopy. Genomic DNA was extracted. Genotyping of the TNF-A-1030 polymorphism was performed using PCR with confronting two-pair primer to investigate its association with the susceptibility to H. pylori infection in the Sudanese population. Furthermore, Sanger sequencing was applied to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5'-region (-584 to +107) of TNF-A in H. pylori-infected patients. Bioinformatics analyses were used to predict whether these mutations would alter transcription factor binding sites or composite regulatory elements in this region. A comparative profiling analysis was conducted in 11 species using the ECR browser and multiple-sequence local alignment and visualization search engine to investigate the possible conservation. Also, a multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to estimate odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for the association between TNF-A-1030, sociodemographic characteristics and H. pylori infection. Differences were statistically significant if P A, -76) was located at the in silico-predicted promoter region (-146 to +10), and it was predicted to alter transcription factor binding sites and composite regulatory elements. A novel mutation (A > T, +27) was detected in the 5' untranslated region, and it could affect the post-transcriptional regulatory pathways. Genotyping of TNF-A-1030 showed a lack of significant association between -1030T and susceptibility to H. pylori and gastric cancer in the studied population (P = 0.1756) and (P = 0.8116), respectively. However, a significant association was detected between T/C genotype and H. pylori infection (39.34% vs 19.67%, odds ratio = 2.69, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-6.17, P = 0.020). Mammalian conservation was observed for the (-146 to +10) region in chimpanzee (99.4%), rhesus monkey (95.6%), cow (91.8%), domesticated dog (89.3%), mouse (84.3%), rat (82.4%) and opossum (78%).& nbsp;CONCLUSION & nbsp;Computational analysis was a valuable method for understanding TNF-A gene expression patterns and guiding further in vitro and in vivo experimental validation

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of 16S rRNA Sequences Identified Two Lineages of Helicobacter pylori Strains Detected from Different Regions in Sudan Suggestive of Differential Evolution

Background. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is ubiquitous among humans and one of the best-studied examples of an intimate association between bacteria and humans. Phylogeny and Phylogeography of H. pylori strains are known to mirror human migration patterns and reflect significant demographic events in human prehistory. In this study, we analyzed the molecular evolution of H. pylori strains detected from different tribes and regions of Sudan using 16S rRNA gene and the phylogenetic approach. Materials and methods. A total of 75 gastric biopsies were taken from patients who had been referred for endoscopy from different regions of Sudan. The DNA extraction was performed by using the guanidine chloride method. Two sets of primers (universal and specific for H. pylori) were used to amplify the 16S ribosomal gene. Sanger sequencing was applied, and the resulted sequences were matched with the sequences of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide database. The evolutionary aspects were analyzed using MEGA7 software. Results. Molecular detection of H. pylori has shown that 28 (37.33%) of the patients were positive for H. pylori and no significant differences were found in sociodemographic characteristics, endoscopy series, and H. pylori infection. Nucleotide variations were observed at five nucleotide positions (positions 219, 305, 578, 741, and 763–764), and one insertion mutation (750_InsC_751) was present in sixty-seven percent (7/12) of our strains. These six mutations were detected in regions of the 16S rRNA not closely associated with either tetracycline or tRNA binding sites; 66.67% of them were located in the central domain of 16S rRNA. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences identified two lineages of H. pylori strains detected from different regions in Sudan. The presence of Sudanese H. pylori strains resembling Hungarian H. pylori strains could reflect the migration of Hungarian people to Sudan or vice versa. Conclusion. This finding emphasizes the significance of studying the phylogeny of H. pylori strains as a discriminatory tool to mirror human migration patterns. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene amplification method was found useful for bacterial identification and phylogeny

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially