653 research outputs found

    Lebensstil von Typ-2-Diabetikern unter Berücksichtigung soziodemografischer Variablen

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    Abstract (Deutsch) Einleitung - In Folge eines veränderten Lebensstils in den westlich geprägten Industrienationen zeigt sich eine zunehmende Prävalenz von Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Bisher konnten Interventionsmaßnahmen zeigen, dass durch eine Lebensstilmodifikation eine relative Reduktion der Diabetes-Inzidenz um 28-58 % erreicht werden kann. Dennoch ist bislang zu wenig über den Status quo des Lebensstils von Typ-2-Diabetikern in Deutschland bekannt. In der DOM-Studie wurde der individuelle Lebensstil von Typ-2-Diabetikern mit dem Schwerpunkt der körperlichen Aktivität unter Berücksichtigung soziodemografischer Variablen untersucht. Methodik - 153 Erwachsene mit Typ-2-Diabetes (50,3 % männlich, 49,7 % weiblich) nahmen an der Untersuchung teil (Alter: 66,0  10,8 Jahre, Größe: 169,8  10,2 cm, Gewicht: 91,0  20,0 kg, BMI: 31,6  6,6 kg/m2). Mittels eines modifizierten internationalen Fragebogens wurden Anthropometrie, Laborparameter, sozialer Status, körperliche Aktivität, sowie die Motivation der Probanden, eine Lebensstilmodifikation durchzuführen, erhoben. Ergebnisse – 85,9 % der getesteten Diabetiker waren übergewichtig oder adipös, 73,0 % der Männer und 85,3 % der Frauen wiesen eine abdominelle Adipositas auf. 63,5 % des DOM-Kollektivs hatten eine diagnostizierte Hyperlipoproteinämie und 64,7 % der Probanden eine arterielle Hypertonie. Der Großteil der Stichprobe weist ein niedriges Bildungsniveau auf (60,7 % mit Hauptschulabschluss). Das Aktivitätsniveau der Typ-2-Diabetiker hatte keinen Einfluss auf den BMI, die BMI-Klassifikation, den Blutdruck, den sozialen Status und die Diabetesdauer in der DOM-Studie. Lediglich Alter, Bauchumfang und ausgewählte Laborparameter (Gesamt-Cholesterin, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, HbA1c-Wert) wiesen einen Zusammenhang mit dem Aktivitätsmuster auf. Der wöchentliche Gesamtkalorienverbrauch lag mit 5.088 ± 4.920 kcal/Woche (Alltag: 3.229 ± 3.104 kcal/Woche; Freizeit: bei 1.907 ± 1.866 kcal/Woche) weit über den internationalen Empfehlungen. Jüngere Probanden, Männer, Probanden mit einem hohen Nüchternblutzucker und der Motivation, allgemein mehr in ihre Gesundheit zu investieren, zeigten eine höhere körperliche Aktivität in der Freizeit. Die Varianzaufklärung war in diesem Regressionsmodell mit 25,3 % am höchsten. Die Probanden gaben eine hohe Bereitschaft (74,4 %) für eine Lebensstilmodifikation an. Diskussion - Zwar wurde in dieser Studie ein hohes Aktivitätsniveau festgestellt, dennoch wiesen die Studienteilnehmer ein hohes kardiovaskuläres Risiko auf (Adipositas, Hyperlipoproteinämie, Hypertonie). In weiteren Untersuchungen sollten deshalb objektive Messverfahren eingesetzt werden. Es ist gesichert, dass die Motivation der Probanden bei zukünftigen Interventionsmaßnahmen von Typ-2-Diabetes eingebunden werden muss. Mögliche Lösungsansätze sind die motivationale Gesprächsführung und Hilfestellungen durch körperlich aktive Paten oder Coaches. Abstract (Englisch) Introduction - As a result of a changed lifestyle in westernized industrial nations, there is an increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2. Recent studies show that lifestyle modifications reduce the relative risk for the incidence of diabetes by 28-58 %. Nevertheless, little is known about the status quo of the lifestyle of type-2-diabetes in Germany. In the DOM-study, the individual lifestyle of type-2-diabetics with a focus on physical activity was studied, taking into account socio-demographic variables. Methods - 153 adults with type-2-diabetes (50.3 % male, 49.7 % female) participated in this study (age: 66.0 ± 10.8 years, height: 169.8 ± 10.2 cm, weight: 91.0 ± 20.0 kg, BMI: 31.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2). Anthropometric data, laboratory parameters, social status, physical activity, as well as the motivation of individuals to conduct a lifestyle modification were collected using a modified international questionnaire. Results - 85.9 % of the tested diabetics were overweight or obese, 73.0 % of the men and 85.3 % of the women had an abdominal obesity. 63.5 % of the subjects had a diagnosed hyperlipoproteinemia and 64.7 % of the subjects arterial hypertension. The majority of the tested subjects show a low level of education (60.7 %). The level of activity of the diabetics had no effect on the BMI, the BMI-classification, blood pressure, the social status and the duration of diabetes in the DOM-study. Only age, waist circumference, and selected laboratory parameters (total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, HbA1c) showed a correlation with the activity pattern. The total caloric expenditure was 5.088 ± 4.920 cal/week (daily expenditure: 3.229 ± 3.104 cal/week; leisure-time expenditure: 1.907 ± 1.866 cal/week), which is well above the international recommendations. Younger subjects, men, subjects with high fasting blood glucose and the motivation to invest more in their general health, showed a higher physical activity during leisure-time. The explained variance in the regression analysis was 25.3 %. The subjects reported a high level of motivation (74.4 %) for a lifestyle modification. Discussion - Although a high level of activity was found in this study the participants still showed high cardiovascular risks (obesity, hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension). In further studies, objective measures should be used. However, it seems certain that the motivation of the diabetics should be involved in future interventions. Possible solutions are motivational interviewing and physically active mentors or coaches

    Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p–Pb collisions at

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    Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

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    We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

    Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

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    Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

    Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

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    Pseudorapidity and transverse-momentum distributions of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

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    The pseudorapidity (eta) and transverse-momentum (p(T)) distributions of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions are measured at the centre-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV. The pseudorapidity distribution in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1.8 is reported for inelastic events and for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in the pseudorapidity region vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.5 is 5.31 +/- 0.18 and 6.46 +/- 0.19 for the two event classes, respectively. The transverse-momentum distribution of charged particles is measured in the range 0.15 <p(T) <20 GeV/c and vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.8 for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The evolution of the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles is also investigated as a function of event multiplicity. The results are compared with calculations from PYTHIA and EPOS Monte Carlo generators. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

    Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

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    Elliptic flow of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

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    The elliptic flow, v(2), of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 <y <4) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)= 2.76TeVwith the ALICE detector at the LHC. The scalar product, two- and four-particle Q cumulants and Lee-Yang zeros methods are used. The dependence of the v(2) of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays on the collision centrality, in the range 0-40%, and on transverse momentum, p(T), is studied in the interval 3 <p(T)<10 GeV/c. A positive v(2) is observed with the scalar product and two-particle Q cumulants in semi-central collisions (10-20% and 20-40% centrality classes) for the p(T) interval from 3 to about 5GeV/c with a significance larger than 3 sigma, based on the combination of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The v(2) magnitude tends to decrease towards more central collisions and with increasing pT. It becomes compatible with zero in the interval 6 <p(T)<10 GeV/c. The results are compared to models describing the interaction of heavy quarks and open heavy-flavour hadrons with the high-density medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

    Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

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    Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

    Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at s=0.9 \sqrt {s} = 0.9 and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC

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