MATERIALI PER UNA STORIA DEL PRONOME SOGGETTO IN MILANESE

Il dialetto milanese contemporaneo è caratterizzato da un sistema di clitici soggetto (d’ora in poi cls) che comporta cls per la 2a e 3a sg, assenza di cls nel caso di verbi impersonali, meteorologici e esistenziali e assenza di inversione V – cls nelle frasi interrogative. Questa situazione, descritta da Renzi - Vanelli 1983, è adeguata per il dialetto contemporaneo.Tuttavia, nel corso dei secoli, il milanese ha conosciuto stadi in cui il sistema dei cls era molto più sviluppato di quanto non sia ora. Come altre varietà medievali, il milanese ha attraversato un periodo di pro-drop asimmetrico, con il quale il soggetto pronominale poteva essere assente nelle frasi principali, ma era sempre presente nelle frasi dipendenti.Durante questa stessa fase, i pronomi complemento tonici, destinati a diventare i moderni pronomi soggetto tonici, potevano essere già usati in funzione di soggetto in una posizione diversa da quella abituale, per lo più in una zona della frase dedicata ad ospitare elementi tematizzati o focalizzati (cioè la periferia sinistra della frase). Nei documenti lombardo occidentali del XIV-XV sec. inizia un processo di mutamento sintattico per cui le forme della negazione (ancora) preverbale lasciano ai pronomi soggetto la posizione più vicina al verbo flesso (cioè si passa da una struttura S – neg – V a una struttura neg – S – V). Dal momento che questo processo si verifica solo con i pronomi soggetto derivati dagli antichi nominativi, ma non con altri sintagmi in funzione di soggetto, questa collocazione costituisce un’ulteriore conferma che questi pronomi siano passati alla fase di clitici pronominali. È nei secoli XVI-XVII che, a giudicare dalle fonti, il sistema dei cls del milanese sembra raggiungere il massimo del suo sviluppo. Dal XVIII sec.inizia una fase durante la quale andranno perduti i cls di 1a sg (usato anche per la 1a pl) e di 3a sg. In seguito Cherubini sarà conscio testimone di un ulteriore mutamento, a causa del quale i cls rimasti diverranno elementi obbligatoriamente presenti in frasi assertive.Nelle frasi interrogative l’inversione V-cls rimarrà attestata ancora nei documenti dei primi decenni del XX sec., per poi essere sostituita da frasi caratterizzate come interrogative soltanto dal contorno intonativo

Osservazioni sull’uso di yád in antico indiano

This paper considers the placement of the complementizer yád within the sentence and the functional value of yád in Old Indian. It will be noted that thecomplementizer yád, like other subordinating conjunctions in some ancient and modern Indo-European languages, can be preceded by a topicalized or a focalized phrase in its clause. In particular, in R̥gVeda there are many cases where yád is preceded by an element which seems to have moved from inside the sentence and also cases where yád is preceded by the inflected verb. Morover, some cases will be discussed showing the use of yád to introduce clauses governed by verbs of saying and knowing, both in Vedic and in Sanskrit, and a possible syntactic analysis of these structures

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Towards a Muon Collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.Comment: 118 pages, 103 figure

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV

Search for supersymmetry in events with one lepton and multiple jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

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