L’analyse des commentaires des étudiants dans les évaluations de l'enseignement montre qu’ils sont plus sensibles au fond qu’à la forme.

Le sujet de cette communication porte sur l'analyse des commentaires des étudiants dans les évaluations de l’enseignement. Après 4 années de mise en pratique de l'évaluation indicative systématique de tous les enseignements chaque semestre, nous avons jugé utile d'analyser les nombreux commentaires des étudiants, avec l'objectif d'identifier les aspects les plus récurrents. Quels sont les points qui reviennent les plus fréquemment dans les points forts et quelles sont ceux en tant que points faibles ? Nous sommes partis des études préalables similaires, (Lewis, 2001 ; Theall & Franklin, 1991; Zimmaro, et als, 2006) et nous nous sommes inspirés des sept principes d'un bon enseignement proposés par Chickering & Gamson (1987). Notre propre travail de catégorisation nous amené à une grille, qui comporte huit catégories principales qui sont: 1) la présentation du cours, 2) conception et organisation du cours, 3) travail des étudiants, 4) impressions sur des aspects personnels du prof, 5). dynamique du cours, 6) évaluation, 7) sentiments des étudiants et 8) autres. Le résultat principal montre que l'aspect qui ressort comme le plus sensible pour les étudiants est la qualité du contenu du cours (riche, intéressant, à jour, qui décrit bien l'état de la science, etc.). Cette communication vise à présenter plus en détail nos travaux et à discuter nos deux conclusions principales : d'un côté nos universitaires se montrent plus sensibles au fond qu’à la forme de l’enseignement, mais de l’autre côté, on pourrait aussi conclure que nos étudiants sont conditionnés par un enseignement transmissible

Finite element analysis of the pelvis including gait muscle forces: an investigation into the effect of rami fractures on load transmission

Abstract Background The objective of the study is to investigate the load transmission within the pelvic ring under physiological loading during gait and to correlate these results with clinical findings. In a second approach, we analysed how load distribution is altered by fractures of the anterior pelvic ring. Methods Muscle forces and joint reaction forces are calculated by inverse dynamics and implemented in a finite element pelvis model including the joints. Results With the intact configuration and according to the moment of the gait, left and right superior and inferior rami show the highest stresses of the model, corresponding to the typical location of an anterior pelvic ring fracture. A superior ramus fracture induces larger stresses to the lower ramus and a slight increase of stresses on the posterior structures. A total disruption of anterior rami redirects the loads to the back of the pelvis and introduces significantly higher stresses on the posterior structures. Conclusions This investigation enhances the understanding of the biomechanics of the pelvis and highlights the important role of the rami in load carrying and in maintaining integrity of the pelvic ring

Numerical Assessment of two Implants for Pubic Ramus Fracture of human Pelvis applying Normal Gait loading

Fractures of the anterior pelvic ring reduce patients` mobility and independence and increase mortality. Pelvic instability impairs the load transfer to the lower extremity. Restoring stability has therefore been a crucial point of research. Most of the reported studies refer to loading on one leg stand without consideration of physiological muscle and contact-joint forces of the common vital daily movements. Our present study considers physiological gait loading of all acting muscles and Hip Joint Contact (HJC) forces of the pelvis. Those muscles and HJC forces were calculated by inverse dynamics for normal gait motion data and applied in Finite Element Analyses (FEA). The biomechanical stability provided to the anterior pelvic ring by two reconstructive techniques was investigated numerically: the iliopubic Subcutaneous Plate (SP) and the Supra-Acetabular External Fixator (SAFE). Numerical biomechanical assessment of two reconstructive devices for pubic ramus fracture. All muscles and HJC forces of normal gait were calculated by means of inverse dynamics software for a healthy patient considering a musculoskeletal model previously validated experimentally. The Finite Element (FE) model was developed for a pelvis with and without superior and/or inferior rami fractures. Furthermore, two FE models for SP and SAFE mounted on the rami fractured pelvis were designed considering fixation bearing at the lumbosacral joint. The calculated forces were implemented on the FE models following the anatomical orientation and attachments/insertions of each muscle. During the two moments of the gait with higher stresses: Left Heel Strike (LHS) and Right Toe-Off (RTO), strains and displacements were recorded and investigated at the fracture location in addition to the implant fixation points. Considering only right superior ramus fracture during LHS and RTO, recorded strains and displacements for both implants showed similar results. However, during RTO, the SAFE showed a slight reduction of strains at the posterior location by 6% compared to SP. When including both superior and inferior right ramus fractures, both devices did not show considerable difference in recorded strains. However, there were significant differences in the displacements between fracture extremities. The SP technique reduced these motions for both LHS and RTO by 40% compared to the gold standard SAFE technique. In cases of superior ramus fracture only, displacements for both reconstructive devices were similar due to the remaining stability provided by the intact inferior ramus. Both devices reduced stresses of the sacrum wing in LHS and RTO with slightly better results for SAFE. In case of superior and inferior pubic ramus fractures, the SP technique reduced the frontal opening of the fractured right pubic bone. The SAFE did not provide any improvements compared to the SP technique

Tissue-type mapping of gliomas.

PURPOSE: To develop a statistical method of combining multimodal MRI (mMRI) of adult glial brain tumours to generate tissue heterogeneity maps that indicate tumour grade and infiltration margins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of mMRI from patients with histological diagnosis of glioma (n = 25). 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) was used to label regions of "pure" low- or high-grade tumour across image types. Normal brain and oedema characteristics were defined from healthy controls (n = 10) and brain metastasis patients (n = 10) respectively. Probability density distributions (PDD) for each tissue type were extracted from intensity normalised proton density and T2-weighted images, and p and q diffusion maps. Superpixel segmentation and Bayesian inference was used to produce whole-brain tissue-type maps. RESULTS: Total lesion volumes derived automatically from tissue-type maps correlated with those from manual delineation (p 2 years (Mann Witney p = 0.0001). Regions classified from mMRI as oedema had non-tumour-like 1H MRS characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: 1H MRSI can label tumour tissue types to enable development of a mMRI tissue type mapping algorithm, with potential to aid management of patients with glial tumours

A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL

Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet’s birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (~1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25–7.8 μm spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phase-curve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10–100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4 NH3, HCN, H2S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performed – using conservative estimates of mission performance and a full model of all significant noise sources in the measurement – using a list of potential ARIEL targets that incorporates the latest available exoplanet statistics. The conclusion at the end of the Phase A study, is that ARIEL – in line with the stated mission objectives – will be able to observe about 1000 exoplanets depending on the details of the adopted survey strategy, thus confirming the feasibility of the main science objectives.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI