Why does fertilization reduce plant species diversity? Testing three competition-based hypotheses

1 Plant species diversity drops when fertilizer is added or productivity increases. To explain this, the total competition hypothesis predicts that competition above ground and below ground both become more important, leading to more competitive exclusion, whereas the light competition hypothesis predicts that a shift from below-ground to above-ground competition has a similar effect. The density hypothesis predicts that more above-ground competition leads to mortality of small individuals of all species, and thus a random loss of species from plots. 2 Fertilizer was added to old field plots to manipulate both below-ground and above-ground resources, while shadecloth was used to manipulate above-ground resources alone in tests of these hypotheses. 3 Fertilizer decreased both ramet density and species diversity, and the effect remained significant when density was added as a covariate. Density effects explained only a small part of the drop in diversity with fertilizer. 4 Shadecloth and fertilizer reduced light by the same amount, but only fertilizer reduced diversity. Light alone did not control diversity, as the light competition hypothesis would have predicted, but the combination of above-ground and below-ground competition caused competitive exclusion, consistent with the total competition hypothesis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75695/1/j.1365-2745.2001.00662.x.pd

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results

Jet size dependence of single jet suppression in lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s(NN)) = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Measurements of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions at the LHC provide direct sensitivity to the physics of jet quenching. In a sample of lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s) = 2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 7 inverse microbarns, ATLAS has measured jets with a calorimeter over the pseudorapidity interval |eta| < 2.1 and over the transverse momentum range 38 < pT < 210 GeV. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with values for the distance parameter that determines the nominal jet radius of R = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. The centrality dependence of the jet yield is characterized by the jet "central-to-peripheral ratio," Rcp. Jet production is found to be suppressed by approximately a factor of two in the 10% most central collisions relative to peripheral collisions. Rcp varies smoothly with centrality as characterized by the number of participating nucleons. The observed suppression is only weakly dependent on jet radius and transverse momentum. These results provide the first direct measurement of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions and complement previous measurements of dijet transverse energy imbalance at the LHC.Comment: 15 pages plus author list (30 pages total), 8 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Physics Letters B. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HION-2011-02

On the longitudinal contributions to hadronic tau decay

A number of recent determinations of $m_s$ using hadronic $\tau$ decay data involve inclusive analyses based on the so-called $(k,0)$ spectral weights. We show here that the OPE representations of the longitudinal contributions appearing in these analyses, which are already known to be poorly converging, have in addition an unphysical $k$ dependence which produces a significant unphysical decrease in $m_s$ with increasing $k$. We also show how, using additional sum rule constraints, the decay constants of the excited resonances in the strange scalar and pseudoscalar channels may be determined, allowing one to evaluate the longitudinal spectral contributions to the $(k,0)$ sum rules. Taking into account the very-accurately known $\pi$ and $K$ pole contributions, we find that longitudinal contributions can be determined with an accuracy at the few % level, and hence reliably subtracted, leaving an analysis for $m_s$ involving the sum of longitudinal and transverse contributions, for which the OPE representation is much better converged.Comment: 20 pages, no figure

Mouse Chromosome 11

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46996/1/335_2004_Article_BF00648429.pd

PULSER DEVELOPMENT FOR MBE-4

The Multiple Beam Experiment MBE4 is designed to accelerate four cesium ion beams from 200 kV to about 1 MV using an induction linac and to demonstrate the process of current amplification simultaneously with acceleration. The injected beam is obtained from a source using a Marx generator providing typically 10 mA/beam with a length of 1.6 meters. This is equivalent to a beam duration time of about 3 ..mu..sec. Twenty four acceleration gaps in groups of four are distributed along the length of the machine which will be some 16 meters long when completed. Each group of four acceleration gaps with appropriate quadrupoles form one section of the machine, identified as A through F. Careful tailoring of the acceleration voltage waveforms at each gap is required to accelerate the beam, amplify the current and provide longitudinal focusing. Ideal voltage waveforms for each gap were generated for a gap voltage limit initially set at 30 kV. These waveforms are shown in Fig. 1. The waveforms for the first 4 gaps are triangular with an approximate width of 3 ..mu..sec, becoming flatter and shorter at subsequent gaps as the beam bunch velocity increases. Ninety two nickel-iron tape wound cores capable of 6.8 mVsec/core and twenty six silicon steel tape wound cores capable of 24 mVsec/core were available. Groups of cores at the first eight gaps have been used in conjunction with an appropriate number of pulsers to provide the necessary accelerating voltage waveforms together with the pulser waveforms at every fourth acceleration gap which provides the longitudinal focusing of the beam. This paper will deal with the performance of the pulsers for the first eight gaps of acceleration and expectations for the next four, currently under construction