Effects of drought on ecological properties and water quality of Dorudzan reservoir

Dorudzan reservoir is the main provider of drinking water for the capital Shiraz, as well as the most significant storage of water in the Kor river course. In addition of eroded material, a load of agricultural outputs from upstream are moved to the lake every year. Main physiographic, physical and chemical, and biological components of the lake were monthly sampled and analysed from Novembr 2010 to October 2011. Mean annual measures were water temperature 16.7˚C (SD=5.8), pH 8.2 (SD=0.3), dissolved oxygen 7.6 mg/l (SD=1.7), ammonium 0.05 mg/l (SD=0.08), nitrite 0.004 mg/l (SD=0.003), nitrate 0.44 mg/l (SD=0.44), phosphate 0.20 mg/l (SD=0.23), silicate 7.00 mg/l (SD=2.49), BOD 2.29 mg/l (SD=1.00), COD 24.49 mg/l (SD=15.47), electrical conductivity 720 µs/cm (SD=219), total dissolved solids 457.67 mg/l (SD=138.72), calcium hardness 61.30 mg/l (SD=13.45), and magnesium hardness 20.23 mg/l (SD=9.18). Living parts of the ecosystem including species of fish, orders and families of benthic invertebrates, zooplanktons, and phytoplanktons were investigated. Benthic macroinvertebrates included various nematodes, oligochates, gastropods, bivalves, and insect larvae (dipteral and coleptera), most abundant of which were dipteran larvae, mollusks, and nematodes. Dominant zooplankton was Bosmina, with Daphnia and Cyclops in next ranks. Among rotifer, Trichocera was more abundant than Lecanae. Bosmina showed the most abundance in summer and Daphnia in spring. Trichocera had its most abundance in summer as well, while Lecanae was more abundant in Automn and winter. A total of 41 algal genera from 8 divisions were found. Dominant phytoplankton division was Chlorophyta, with genus Pediastrum. Dominant microalga was Dynobrion (Chrysophyta) in Spring, Cylindrospermum and (both Cyanophyta) in Summer, Microsystis in Automn, and Ceratium (Dynophyta) in Winter. Ceratium were found in all seasons in most of the sampling sites, and showed highest abundance compared to other genera of its division. Dominant genus of diatoms was Fragilaria. Fish populations include Alburnus mossulensis, Capoeta aculeate, Capoeta damascina, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius gibelio, Cyprinus carpio, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Main different parts of the lake showed quite different composition of fish species. An epidemic occurance of the crustacean ectoparasite Lernea cyprinacea among most fishes was another important finding. These findings will serve as a base for future studies as a set point of drought situations

A survey on the effect of Cochlodinium.sp bloom on shrimp culture complexes and hatcheries activities in Bushehr Province

The aims of this project was to inform and aware about the red tide condition before entering the algal bloomer in water resources to the hatcheries and farmed shrimp complexes in Bushehr province coastal. Field investigation and sampling have been carried out in the southern of the input water channels of Mond, Delvar and Helleh farmed shrimp complexes, which are located along the coastal of Bushehr Province, from April to December 2011 .The physic-chemical parameters such as pH, salinity and water temperature and also meteorological conditions were measured and recorded on the field. The water sampling has been lunched for determination of nutrients and chlorophyll - a, phyto- and zoo- planktons. No Cochlodinium.sp outbreaks have been detected in the studied area, during the study. The only bloom which reported by a fisherman, was outbreak in offshore of Bushehr province in Khoure Khan on 13th September 2011. The sample which transferred to the Iranian National Shrimp Research Institute was included Alexandrium.sp and its density was 2 million cells per liter. The identified phytoplanktons were belonged to three order of Bacillariophyceae (52.6%) with average density of 10778 cells per liter, Dinophyceae (37.7%) with density of 7731 cells per liter and Cyanophyceae (9.7%) with density of 1980 cells. 12 genera belonged to Dinophyceae , 25 genera of Bacillariophyceae and two genera of Cyanophyceae were observed during the study. The highest density of phytoplankton was recorded in Helleh station by 18374 cells per liter. The maximum density of phytoplankton was at Delvar station by 141120 cells per liter in December. The highest density of the phytoplanktons was belonged to Dinophyceae by 126000 by cells per liter of which the Alexandrium.sp had the density of 124500 cells per liter in August 2011. From the Dinophyceae the Alexandrium.sp with mean density of 20345 cells per liter, Ornithocercus 920 cells and Prorocentrum.sp 820 cells were the predominant species. The identified Zooplankton in were belonged to 8 branches and 19 groups. The highest density of zooplankton was recorded in Helleh station by 1194 no. per liter. Nauplii were the dominant zooplankton groups with an average density of 136.4 no. per liter, Tintinnids 98.7, Cyclopoida 60.8, Calanoida 35.7 and Harpacticoids 14.5 no. per liter . The average of water and air temperature was recorded 29.4 °C and 28.3 °C, respectively. Average of salinity was 41.2 and pH was 8.46. The average of depth in all stations was 5.7 m. The mean concentrations of silicate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and total phosphate were 1.99, 0.03, 0.009, 0.14 0.15 ppm, respectively and the average of chlorophyll - a was 0.94 mg.m-3

Designing and establishment of ISO/IEC 17025 in 3aboratories of Caspian Sea ecological research center

The project was carried out between March of 2007 and November of 2009.Five laboratories of research center (Clinical pathology, Plankton, Molecular genetics, Pollutants, Analysis Instrument were selected for accreditation. The main stages for establishment of the system consisted of: 1-Conducting a gap analysis to compare the present state of the laboratories with ISO/IEC 17025 Training 2 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories Validation of methods Estimation of uncertainty Internal audits 3- Performing of technical and management requirements 4-Submit of quality manual to Iran Accreditation System (IAS) in order to accredit In January of 2010 the laboratories were accredited by Iran Accreditation System (IAS). The main results were including: 1-Increase the accuracy of measurement 2-Improvement of the Repeatability and Reproducibility of the test methods 3-Traceability and standardization of test methods 4- Calibration of measurement instruments 6- Updating of test methods 7-Standardization of physical condition of the laboratories 8- Getting the certification from Iran Accreditation System (IAS)

Designing and establishment of ISO/IEC 17025 in laboratories of national inland water aquaculture center and south Iran aquaculture research center

The project was carried out between June of 2011 and November of 2012,8 laboratories of research center in Anzali (Plankton, Algae, Hydrochemistry, Physiology, Ichthyology, Bentose, Parazitology, Virology) and 7 laboratories of research center in Ahvaz (Clinical pathology, Plankton, Hydrochemistry, Physiology, Ichthyology, Bentose, Parazitology, Virology) were selected for accreditation. The main stages for establishment of the system consisted of: 1-Conducting a gap analysis to compare the present state of the laboratories with ISO/IEC 17025 2-Training General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories Validation of methods Estimation of uncertainty Internal audits 3- Performing of technical and management requirements 4-Submit of quality manual to ASCB center in England in order to accredit In August of 2012 The main results were including: 1-Increase the accuracy of measurement in laboratories 2-Improvement of the Repeatability and Reproducibility of the test methods 3-Traceability and standardization of test methods 4- Calibration of measurement instruments 6- Updating of test methods 7-Standardization of physical condition of the laboratories 8- Getting the certification from ASCB center i

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.</p

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol�which is a marker of cardiovascular risk�changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95 credible interval 3.7 million�4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

The place of multicultural education in the social science textbooks of the first secondary school and Iran\'s upstream documents with an emphasis on the feminist approach.

Background and Aim: Academic performance of students is an indicator by which their learning and progress is judged and many individual and environmental factors are effective in academic performance. The aim of the present study was to provide a structural model for explaining exam anxiety based on personality traits: evaluating the mediating role of cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Methods: The statistical population of the present study was made up of all female students of the second secondary school in Tehran in the academic year of 2018-19. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster random method and the sample size was 421 people. The research tools include the five-factor questionnaire of Neo Costa and Makri (1989); Sarason et al.'s test anxiety scale (1956) and Dawson and McEnery's Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies Questionnaire (2004). The structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the data. Results: The total path coefficient between personality neuroticism factor (p<0.01, β=0.492) and test anxiety is positive and significant at 0.01 level. Also, the total path coefficient between personality openness factor (p<0.01, β=0.186) and test anxiety was negative and significant at 0.01 level. The path coefficient between cognitive strategies and exam anxiety (p<0.05, β=0.196) on the one hand and the path coefficient between metacognitive strategies and exam anxiety (p<0.01, β=0.231) on the other hand The other was negative and significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. Indirect effect of conscientiousness traits (p<0.01, β=0.126), openness (p<0.01, β=0.121) and extraversion (p<0.01, β=0.079) Personality has a negative effect on test anxiety and is significant at the 0.01 level. On the other hand, the indirect effect of neuroticism (p<0.01, β=0.062) on exam anxiety was positive and significant at the 0.01 level. Conclusion: It is concluded that the structural model of the explanation of exam anxiety based on personality characteristics: evaluation of the mediating role of cognitive and metacognitive strategies can be applied