Pay for Performance, Formulation, Implementation and Policy Success: in Low, Middle and High Income Countries

Low and middle income countries (LMICs), as well as high income countries (HICs), with different politicaleconomic contexts, varying dependence on external financing, as well as in differentiated stages of development of primary health care (PHC), have adopted payment for performance or performance-based financing programs (P4P/PBF). Addressing the reality of different health systems and contexts, in LMICs and HICs, the rationalbased assumptions supporting the design of P4P/PBF programmes have been theoretically questioned by more realistic political, organizational and motivational assumptions. Empirically, they have been challenged by alternative logics and processes arising from comparatively distinctive implementation and (re)formulation processes, diverse unexpected effects/evidence and a recognition of the need to consider adaptations and long-term sustainable) impacts on health systems. Consequently, P4P/PBF programs have been subject to social sciences, public policy, health policy and health systems research. These analyses have the potential to significantly enrich the debate and knowledge on the operation and impact of P4P/PBF programs and how they could be more effectively designed to support health system performance and strengthening, producing effective/real-world or long-term improvements

Exploring front liners’ knowledge, participation and evaluation in the implementation of a pay for performance program (PMAQ) in primary health care in Brazil

Purpose: This paper employs implementation theory and the political literature on performance measurement to understand how frontline health workers know, participate and evaluate the Brazilian National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ, 2nd round). Design/methodology/approach: This paper develops an implementation theory-driven qualitative analysis. The research is developed in the city of Goiania (Brazil): a challenging organizational context in primary care (PHC). Interviews were carried out with 25 frontliners – managers, doctors, nurses and community health workers. Data were thematically and hierarchically analysed according to theoretical concepts such as policy knowledge, policy adherence, forms of accountability, alternative logics, organizational capacity and policy feedback. Findings: Results show the need to foster organizational capacity, knowledge, participation and policy feedback at the frontline. Successful implementation would require those adaptations to counteract policy challenges/failures or the emergence of alternative logics. Research limitations/implications: The study was conducted in only one setting, however, our sample includes different types of professionals working in units with different levels of organization capacity, located in distinct HDs, expressing well the implementation of PMAQ/P4P. Qualitative researches need to be developed for further exploring the same/other factors. Social implications: Findings can be used to improve discussions/planning and design of P4P programs in the city and State of Goias. Originality/value: The majority of analysis of PMAQ are of a quantitative or results-based nature. This article focuses on politically significant and unanswered questions regarding the implementation of PMAQ

Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Performance and Operation of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The operation and general performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using cosmic-ray muons are described. These muons were recorded after the closure of the CMS detector in late 2008. The calorimeter is made of lead tungstate crystals and the overall status of the 75848 channels corresponding to the barrel and endcap detectors is reported. The stability of crucial operational parameters, such as high voltage, temperature and electronic noise, is summarised and the performance of the light monitoring system is presented

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Calibration of the CMS Drift Tube Chambers and Measurement of the Drift Velocity with Cosmic Rays

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CMS Data Processing Workflows during an Extended Cosmic Ray Run

Peer reviewe

Aligning the CMS Muon Chambers with the Muon Alignment System during an Extended Cosmic Ray Run

Peer reviewe

Measurement of associated W plus charm production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Peer reviewe