Produção científica sobre o biogas dos resíduos do beneficiamento da mandioca no Brasil: características e abordagens

The presented research proposes an investigation on how scientific production has been carried out regarding biogas produced from cassava processing residues in Brazil. In this direction, a Systematic Literature Review (SLBR) was carried out, inspired by the principles of the methodology proposed by Tranfield et al. (2003). Data was extracted from the articles according to: a) Characterization of publications; and b) Research approach. Thus, it was found that 2018 was the year with the largest scientific publication on the subject; the formation of the main authors is concentrated in the field of Engineering; and publications are especially focused on the state of Paraná. The predominant methodological approach was the Experimental, which prioritized research with the objective of verifying the Efficiency in the production of biogas, according to: a) Co-digestion, inoculum and alkalinizing strategies; b) Performance of operational parameters; and c) Reactor design performance. It was also verified that most articles do not consider the issue of production scale in their research, and when this parameter was considered, it met the large scale of production. Although the Brazilian cassava crop and its processing are marked by a mostly small-scale production, carried out by family farming and destined for internal trade, it appears that this reality was not addressed in any of the articles analyzed.A pesquisa apresentada propõe uma investigação sobre como tem sido feita a produção cientifica a respeito do biogas produzido a partir dos resíduos do beneficiamento da mandioca no Brasil, Nessa direção foi feita uma Revisão Bibliográfica Sistemática da Literatura (RSB) inspirada nos princípios da metodologia proposta por Tranfield et al. (2003). Os dados foram extraídos dos artigos segundo: a) Caracterização das publicações; e b) Abordagem das pesquisas. Assim, foi verificado que 2018 foi o ano com maior publicação cientifica sobre o tema; a formação dos autores principais concentra-se na área das Engenharias; e as publicações concentram-se especialmente no estado no Paraná. A abordagem metodológica predominante foi a Experimental, que priorizou pesquisas com o objetivo de verificar a Eficiência na produção de biogás, segundo: a) Estratégias de codigestão, inoculos e alcalinizantes; b) Desempenho de parâmetros operacionais; e c) Desempenho do desenho dos reatores. Também foi verificado que a maioria dos artigos não considera a questão da escala de produção em sua pesquisa, e quando esse parâmetro foi considerado atendeu a larga escala de produção. Apesar da cultura brasileira da mandioca e seu beneficiamento serem marcados por uma produção de escala majoritariamente pequena, protagonizada pela agricultura familiar e destinada ao comercio interno, verifica-se que essa realidade não foi contemplada em nenhuma dos artigos analisados

Разработка игрового приложения с искусственным интеллектом в рамках языковой модели

Объект исследования: алгоритмы построения ассоциаций внутри языковой модели и их практическое применение. Цель работы: разработка игрового приложения "Кодовые имена" с возможностью замены реальных игроков искусственным интеллектом. Область применения: распространение с помощью сервиса Google Play Market. Результаты работы: эффективный алгоритм создания базы ассоциаций, алгоритмы искусственного интеллекта для игры "Кодовые имена", мобильное игровое приложение.Object of research: algorithms for constructing associations within a language model and their practical application. The purpose of the work: the development of the game application "Codenames" with the possibility of replacing real players with artificial intelligence. Scope: distribution using Google Play Market. The results of work: an effective algorithm for creation of association database, algorithms for artificial intelligence for the game "Codenames", a mobile game application

Ordered phases in spin-Peierls systems

The microscopic description of spin-Peierls substances is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the ordered (dimerised and incommensurably modulated) phases. Important points are the adiabatic and the antiadiabatic approach, generic soliton forms, elastic and magnetic interchain couplings. The wealth and the accuracy of experimental information collected for the first inorganic spin-Peierls substance CuGeO_3 motivates this work.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures included, submitted to Physica B in the Proceedings to LT22, Helsinki, 199

Molecular-field approach to the spin-Peierls transition in CuGeO_3

We present a theory for the spin-Peierls transition in CuGeO_3. We map the elementary excitations of the dimerized chain (solitons) on an effective Ising model. Inter-chain coupling (or phonons) then introduce a linear binding potential between a pair of soliton and anti-soliton, leading to a finite transition temperature. We evaluate, as a function of temperature, the order parameter, the singlet-triplet gap, the specific heat, and the susceptibility and compare with experimental data on CuGeO_3. We find that CuGeO_3 is close to a first-order phase transition. We point out, that the famous scaling law \sim\delta^{2/3} of the triplet gap is a simple consequence of the linear binding potential between pairs of solitons and anti-solitons in dimerized spin chains.Comment: 7.1 pages, figures include

Minimal model to describe the magnetism of CuGeO3CuGeO_{3}

We show that to describe properly the low energy excitations of $CuGeO_{3}$ one must include the effects of a transverse antiferromagnetic coupling, which is estimated to be $J_{\perp}=0.15 J$. Owing to this coupling the frustration in the chains is significantly lower than recent 1D estimates based on purely one-dimensional arguments, we find $J_{2}=0.2 J$. Furthermore we have found a strong modulation of the nearest neighbour coupling due to the static distortion $\delta = 0.065$, which is 5 times higher than that previously deduced from a 1D chain approach. Our set of parameters gives, i) a value of the distorsion which agreeswell with some recent estimate for a lower bound, we are able to perfectly reproduce ii)the dispersions, iii) the experimental susceptibility at both high and low temperatures. By performing DMRG calculations for 2 coupled chains we have analysed the effect of the transverse coupling on the ratio of singlet to triplet gaps. The ratio is very sensitive to the parameters and the universality reported in the strict one dimensional case is lost. As an additional point, we provide a simple picture to explain the interesting new feature observed in recent inelastic neutron scattering experiments: the existence of a second branch of excitations.Comment: 7 pages latex, figure included, accepted in PRB (issue dec.99

Soliton Lattices in the Incommensurate Spin-Peierls Phase: Local Distortions and Magnetizations

It is shown that nonadiabatic fluctuations of the soliton lattice in the spin-Peierls system CuGeO_3 lead to an important reduction of the NMR line widths. These fluctuations are the zero-point motion of the massless phasonic excitations. Furthermore, we show that the discrepancy of X-ray and NMR soliton widths can be understood as the difference between a distortive and a magnetic width. Their ratio is controlled by the frustration of the spin system. By this work, theoretical and experimental results can be reconciled in two important points.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures included, Revtex submitted to Physical Review

A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests

In 2018, Central Europe experienced one of the most severe and long-lasting summer drought and heat wave ever recorded. Before 2018, the 2003 millennial drought was often invoked as the example of a “hotter drought”, and was classified as the most severe event in Europe for the last 500 years. First insights now confirm that the 2018 drought event was climatically more extreme and had a greater impact on forest ecosystems of Austria, Germany and Switzerland than the 2003 drought. Across this region, mean growing season air temperature from April to October was more than 3.3°C above the long-term average, and 1.2°C warmer than in 2003. Here, we present a first impact assessment of the severe 2018 summer drought and heatwave on Central European forests. In response to the 2018 event, most ecologically and economically important tree species in temperate forests of Austria, Germany and Switzerland showed severe signs of drought stress. These symptoms included exceptionally low foliar water potentials crossing the threshold for xylem hydraulic failure in many species and observations of widespread leaf discoloration and premature leaf shedding. As a result of the extreme drought stress, the 2018 event caused unprecedented drought-induced tree mortality in many species throughout the region. Moreover, unexpectedly strong drought-legacy effects were detected in 2019. This implies that the physiological recovery of trees was impaired after the 2018 drought event, leaving them highly vulnerable to secondary drought impacts such as insect or fungal pathogen attacks. As a consequence, mortality of trees triggered by the 2018 events is likely to continue for several years. Our assessment indicates that many common temperate European forest tree species are more vulnerable to extreme summer drought and heat waves than previously thought. As drought and heat events are likely to occur more frequently with the progression of climate change, temperate European forests might approach the point for a substantial ecological and economic transition. Our assessment also highlights the urgent need for a pan-European ground-based monitoring network suited to track individual tree mortality, supported by remote sensing products with high spatial and temporal resolution to track, analyse and forecast these transitions

Evasion of anti-growth signaling: a key step in tumorigenesis and potential target for treatment and prophylaxis by natural compounds

The evasion of anti-growth signaling is an important characteristic of cancer cells. In order to continue to proliferate, cancer cells must somehow uncouple themselves from the many signals that exist to slow down cell growth. Here, we define the anti-growth signaling process, and review several important pathways involved in growth signaling: p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways. Aberrations in these processes in cancer cells involve mutations and thus the suppression of genes that prevent growth, as well as mutation and activation of genes involved in driving cell growth. Using these pathways as examples, we prioritize molecular targets that might be leveraged to promote anti-growth signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, naturally-occurring phytochemicals found in human diets (either singly or as mixtures) may promote anti-growth signaling, and do so without the potentially adverse effects associated with synthetic chemicals. We review examples of naturally-occurring phytochemicals that may be applied to prevent cancer by antagonizing growth signaling, and propose one phytochemical for each pathway. These are: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the Rb pathway, luteolin for p53, curcumin for PTEN, porphyrins for Hippo, genistein for GDF15, resveratrol for ARID1A, withaferin A for Notch and diguelin for the IGF1-receptor pathway. The coordination of anti-growth signaling and natural compound studies will provide insight into the future application of these compounds in the clinical setting

Observation of a charged charmoniumlike structure in e+e−→(D∗Dˉ∗)±π∓e^+e^- \to (D^{*} \bar{D}^{*})^{\pm} \pi^\mp at s=4.26\sqrt{s}=4.26GeV

We study the process $e^+e^- \to (D^{*} \bar{D}^{*})^{\pm} \pi^\mp$ at a center-of-mass energy of 4.26GeV using a 827pb$^{-1}$ data sample obtained with the BESIII detector at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. Based on a partial reconstruction technique, the Born cross section is measured to be $(137\pm9\pm15)$pb. We observe a structure near the $(D^{*} \bar{D}^{*})^{\pm}$ threshold in the $\pi^\mp$ recoil mass spectrum, which we denote as the $Z^{\pm}_c(4025)$. The measured mass and width of the structure are $(4026.3\pm2.6\pm3.7)$MeV/c$^2$ and $(24.8\pm5.6\pm7.7)$MeV, respectively. Its production ratio $\frac{\sigma(e^+e^-\to Z^{\pm}_c(4025)\pi^\mp \to (D^{*} \bar{D}^{*})^{\pm} \pi^\mp)}{\sigma(e^+e^-\to (D^{*} \bar{D}^{*})^{\pm} \pi^\mp)}$ is determined to be $0.65\pm0.09\pm0.06$. The first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; version accepted to be published in PR