Turkels – a Turkic Family in the Byzantine Civil Service

Introduction. The paper considers the two Byzantine lead seals of the second half of the 11th century, the owner of which was a translator (ermeneutes) with a non-Christian name Turkeles. Analysis. The correct reading of the owner’s name was possible by comparing the sigillographic texts with the inscription on a silver bucket found in Perm region (Russia). This richly ornamented vessel made in the last third of the 11th – 12th c., belonged, according to the inscription, to a Christian person called Theodore Turkeles. The most probable etymology of this very rare name is Turkic. Because both seals originate from the territory of the Old Rus, we can suppose that he was involved in the northern policy of Byzantium. Results. It can be assumed that the owner of the seal, Turkeles, became the first Rhomaios in his family, entering the service of the Emperor as a translator from Turkic languages. The owner of the bucket, Theodore was called by the second name Turkeles, either from his father or as a family name. Since no other Turkeles is attested in the Byzantine sources, the bearers of this name were not very successful in cultivating their family tree, and the patronymic could simply not have time to turn into a family nickname

Influence of nanoparticles and metal vapors on the color of laboratory and atmospheric discharges

Currently, electrical discharges occurring at altitudes of tens to hundreds of kilometers from the Earth’s surface attract considerable attention from researchers from all over the world. A significant number of (nano)particles coming from outer space burn up at these altitudes. As a result, vapors of various substances, including metals, are formed at different altitudes. This paper deals with the influence of vapors and particles released from metal electrodes on the color and shape of pulse-periodic discharge in air, nitrogen, argon, and hydrogen. It presents the results of experimental studies. The discharge was implemented under an inhomogeneous electric field and was accompanied by the generation of runaway electrons and the formation of mini-jets. It was established that regardless of the voltage pulse polarity, the electrode material significantly affects the color of spherical- and cylindrical-shaped mini jets formed when bright spots appear on electrodes. Similar jets are observed when the discharge is transformed into a spark. It was shown that the color of the plasma of mini-jets is similar to that of atmospheric discharges (red sprites, blue jets, and ghosts) at altitudes of dozens of kilometers and differs from the color of plasma of pulsed diffuse discharges in air and nitrogen at the same pressure. It was revealed that to observe the red, blue and green mini-jets, it is necessary to use aluminum, iron, and copper electrodes, respectivel

КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ РУКОВОДЯЩИХ ДОКУМЕНТОВ ПО РАСЧЁТУ РАЗВИТИЯ ГИДРОДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ АВАРИЙ

The guidance documents of the Russian Federation (RD 03-607-03 and RD 09-391-00) present calculation methods of hydrodynamic accidents in storage tanks and facilities for liquid industrial and waste. Because the accidents at such facilities represent a breakthrough of a dam with the formation of a hole in its body, there is used a methodological framework developed for ground dams of any purpose for calculations. This fact made it possible to consider the applicability of these documents to the reservoir dam on the Kokpekty River in Kazakhstan, where an accident occurred in March 2014. An analysis of the applicability of the considered guidance documents showed that the values of the most parameters calculated by them do not correspond to reality and / or have no physical sense, they cannot be used in practice. In particular, the considered documents do not take into account the time for the formation of erosion tracks, which puts to an error (by an order of magnitude) in the estimating time of a break formation. There is taken the rectangular shape of the tracks in the considered guidelines, although in practice it is trapezoidal in most cases. Comparison of the calculated and measured sizes of the erosion tracks showed their difference by two times. Even the size of the erosion track according to the proposed formula may differ by 25% depending on the selected calculation step. RD 03-607-03 and RD 09-391-00 give different formulas for hydraulic size calculating, which puts to a difference by 1.65 times. Moreover, there is used the kinematic viscosity instead of the dynamic one while the hydraulic size calculating. One of the most important characteristics, the transporting (erosion) flow ability, in the considered documents is dimensionless and has no physical sense. It is also notable that the proposed guidance documents, in violation of GOST 8.417-2002, use non-standardized dimension values and in the same formula coexist as multiplier meters, centimeters and millimeters. Thus, RD 03-607-03 and RD 09-391-00 are not recommended for use in calculation of hydrodynamic accidents and flooding zones, these documents require immediate revision.В руководящих документах Российской Федерации (РД 03-607-03 и РД 09-391-00) представлены методики расчёта развития гидродинамических аварий на накопителях и хранилищах жидких промышленных и производственных отходов. Поскольку аварии на таких объектах представляют собой прорыв плотины с образованием прорана в ее теле, для расчётов используется методическая основа, разработанная для грунтовых плотин любого назначения. Это позволило рассмотреть применимость указанных документов к плотине водохранилища на реке Кокпекты в Казахстане, на которой произошла авария в марте 2014 года. Анализ применимости рассматриваемых документов показал, что численные значения большинства параметров, рассчитанных по ним, не соответствуют действительности и/или не имеют физического смысла, их нельзя использовать на практике. В частности, в предлагаемых документах не учитывается время на образование эрозионных рытвин, что приводит к ошибке оценки времени образования прорана на порядок. В рассматриваемых руководящих документах принята прямоугольная форма прорана, хотя на практике в большинстве случаев она трапециевидная. Сравнение расчётных и измеренных размеров прорана показало их различие в два раза. Даже результаты расчёта размеров прорана по предлагаемой формуле в зависимости от выбранного расчётного шага могут отличаться на 25%. В РД 03-607-03 и РД 09-391-00 приводятся разные формулы для расчёта гидравлической крупности, что приводит к различию в результатах в 1,65 раза. Кроме того, при расчёте гидравлической крупности вместо динамической используется кинематическая вязкость. Одна из важнейших характеристик – транспортирующая (размывающая) способность потока в рассматриваемых документах безразмерна и не имеет физического смысла. Обращает также на себя внимание, что предлагаемые руководящие документы, в нарушение ГОСТ 8.417-2002, не только используют нестандартизированные величины размерностей, но даже в одной из формул в качестве сомножителей соседствуют метры, сантиметры и миллиметры. Таким образом, РД 03-607-03 и РД 09-391-00 не рекомендуется использовать для расчётов развития гидродинамических аварий и зон затопления, данные документы требуют немедленного пересмотра. ЛитератураАлександров Д.В., Зубарев А.Ю., Искакова Л.Ю. Введение в гидродинамику: учеб. пособие. Екатеринбург: Изд-во Уральского университета, 2012. 112 с.Ананенков А.Г., Ставкин Г.П., Андреев О.П., Хабибуллин И.Л., Лобастова С.А. Эколого-экономическое управление охраной окружающей среды. М.: Недра, 2003. 227 с.Большаков В.А., Константинов Ю.М., Попов В.Н. Справочник по гидравлике. К.: Вища школа, 1977. 280 с.Виноградова Т.А., Макушин М.А., Виноградов И.А., Парфенов Е.А., Кадацкая М.М., Сазонова С.И. Расчёт морфометрических характеристик прорана и максимальных расходов при прорывах грунтовых плотин // Гидросфера. Опасные процессы и явления. 2019. Том 1. Вып. 2. С. 280-295. DOI: 10.34753/HS.2019.1.2.006.Гришанин К.В. Динамика русловых потоков. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1969. 428 с.Кадацкая М.М., Виноградов А.Ю., Кацадзе В.А., Беленький Ю.И., Бачериков И.В., Хвалев С.В., Каляшов В.А. Анализ методов расчёта неразмывающей скорости при проектировании водопропускных и водоотводных сооружений лесного хозяйства // Известия Санкт-Петербургской лесотехнической академии. 2019. Вып. 227. С. 174–187. DOI: 10.21266/2079-4304.2019.227.174-187.Пономарчук К.Р. Оценка параметров развития прорана при разрушении грунтовой плотины // Природообустройство. 2011. №3. С. 77-82.Тарабаев Ю.Н., Зотов Ю.М., Чагаев В.П. Шульгин В.Н. Инженерное обеспечение предупреждения и ликвидации чрезвычайных ситуаций при наводнениях (учебное пособие). Новогорск: Академия гражданской защиты МЧС России, 2000. 207 с.Чижиумов С.Д. Основы гидродинамики: учеб. пособие. Комсомольск-на-Амуре: ГОУВПО «КнАГТУ», 2007. 106 с.Чугаев Р.Р. Гидравлика: учебник для вузов. Л.: Энергоиздат, 1982. 672 с.Шмакова М.В., Кондратьев С.А. Транспортирующая способность речного потока// Ученые записки Российского государственного гидрометеорологического университета. 2019. № 56. С. 176-187 DOI: 10.33933/2074-2762-2019-56-176-187

Two-particle correlations in azimuthal angle and pseudorapidity in inelastic p + p interactions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron

Results on two-particle ΔηΔϕ correlations in inelastic p + p interactions at 20, 31, 40, 80, and 158 GeV/c are presented. The measurements were performed using the large acceptance NA61/SHINE hadron spectrometer at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. The data show structures which can be attributed mainly to effects of resonance decays, momentum conservation, and quantum statistics. The results are compared with the Epos and UrQMD models.ISSN:1434-6044ISSN:1434-605

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe