Carbon, nitrogen, and physical fractions of organic matter in recovered pastures of the Maranhense Amazon

In Maranhão State, Brazil, soils are naturally acidic, nutrient-deficient, and prone to cohesion and erosion. Removing the natural cover to establish pastures causes physical, chemical, and biological changes in the soil. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contents and stocks of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and particle-size fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) in pastures with different years of recovery, and compare them with a secondary forest in the Legal Amazon. Four treatments were evaluated: secondary forest, perennial pasture, and perennial pastures recovered for five years and eight years, both of the latter through corn + brachiaria intercropping. The contents and stocks of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C, and N from the soil organic matter particle-size fractions, as well as the carbon management indexes (CMI) of the 0.00–0.10, 0.10–0.20, 0.20–0.30, and 0.30–0.40 m layers were evaluated. The perennial pasture environment presented the highest total soil C and N contents; however, when observing the granulometric fractions and CMI, these increases were qualitative in relation to the secondary forest. Pasture recovery over eight years contributed to an improvement of soil quality similar to secondary forest, indicating that an increase in SOM quality, quantity, and recovery time related to increased pasture capacity to accumulate C and N in the soil

Como cuidar do seu coração na pandemia do COVID-19: exercícios respiratórios

The disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) mainly affects the respiratory system, and may progress in the most severe cases to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the first cases were reported in December 2019 in Wuhan Province (China). As a result, COVID-19 reached European countries and infected 2,159,791 people until June 1, 2020. On that same date (June 1, 2020), the global epicenter is concentrated in the Americas, with the United States of America have 1,734,040 confirmed cases with 102,640 deaths. In this context, in the world, there are already 6,057,853 confirmed cases with 341,166 deaths (WHO, 2020). In Brazil, the first case of COVID-19 was officially notified on March 4, 2020 with the first death on March 18, 2020. On June 1, 2020, 514,849 people were infected and 29,314 Brazilians lost the fight against disease and their deaths were confirmed (2). According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), as of the third week of March, most Brazilian states and municipalities started to adopt measures of social distancing, from which citizens were instructed to stay at their homes , being allowed the circulation of only people of essential services (health, safety, food professionals...) as a strategy to face COVID-19. In April, WHO began to guide the use of masks to avoid contamination when circulating on the streets. In this sense, the great majority of Brazilian cities have adopted the use of masks as a protection strategy in circulation by public transport and spaces. However, starting a sudden state of quarantine implies a radical change in the lifestyle of the population. In many cases, it can impact physical fitness and, essentially, increase psychological impacts. In this context, individuals are subjugated to post-traumatic stress, symptoms of confusion and anger. In addition, stressors that have become more prevalent with the longest quarantine duration have been identified, including: (i) fear of infection; (ii) frustration; (iii) boredom; (iv) lack of supplies; (v) inadequate information; (vi) financial losses; and, (vii) stigmas (3). In this context, adopting strategies that may be available to part of the population that is restricted to their homes and that can have a positive impact on mental health and still help to maintain pulmonary function, seems appropriate and welcome at a critical moment.A doença causada pelo novo coronavírus (COVID-19) afeta principalmente o sistema respiratório, podendo progredir nos casos mais graves para pneumonia e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. A COVID-19 é provocada pelo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 e os primeiros casos foram notificados em dezembro de 2019 na Província de Wuhan (China). Na sequência, a COVID-19 alcançou os países europeus e infectou 2.159.791 pessoas até o dia 01 de junho de 2020. Nessa mesma data (01/06/2020), o epicentro mundial se concentra nas Américas, sendo que os Estados Unidos da América apresentam 1.734.040 casos confirmados com 102.640 mortes. Neste contexto, no mundo, já são 6.057.853 de casos confirmados com 341.166 mortes (WHO, 2020). No Brasil, o primeiro caso da COVID-19 foi notificado oficialmente em 04 de março de 2020 com a primeira morte no dia 18 de março de 2020. Em 01 de junho de 2020, 514.849 pessoas estavam infectadas e 29.314 brasileiros perderam a luta contra a doença e estiveram seus óbitos confirmados (2). De acordo com as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a partir da terceira semana do mês de março, a maioria dos estados e municípios brasileiros passaram a adotar medidas de distanciamento social, da qual os cidadãos foram orientados a ficarem em suas casas, sendo permitida a circulação apenas de pessoas de serviços essenciais (profissionais da saúde, da segurança, da área de alimentação...) como estratégia de enfrentamento a COVID-19. Em abril, a OMS passou a orientar o uso de máscaras para evitar a contaminação ao circular pelas ruas. Neste sentido, a grande maioria das cidades brasileiras adotaram a utilização de máscaras como estratégia de proteção em circulação por transportes e espaços públicos.Todavia, iniciar um estado repentino de quarentena implica em uma mudança radical no estilo de vida da população. Em muitos casos, pode impactar na aptidão física e, essencialmente, aumentar os impactos psicológicos. Neste contexto, os indivíduos estão subjugados ao estresse pós-traumático, sintomas de confusão e raiva. Além disso, foram identificados fatores estressores que podem se tornar mais prevalentes com a maior duração da quarentena, entre eles foram identificados: (i) medo de infecção; (ii) frustração; (iii) tédio; (iv) falta de suprimentos; (v) informações inadequadas; (vi) perdas financeiras; e, (vii) estigmas (3). Neste contexto, adotar estratégias que possam estar ao alcance de parte da população que está restrita as suas casas e que possam ter impacto positivo sobre a saúde mental e ainda possam auxiliar na manutenção da função pulmonar, parece adequada e bem vinda num momento crítico

Potenciais interações de drogas em pacientes de terapia antirretroviral: uma revisão integrativa: Potential drug interactions in antiretroviral therapy patients: an integrative review

Possíveis interações medicamentosas devem ser levadas em consideração ao selecionar um regime antirretroviral. Uma revisão detalhada dos medicamentos concomitantes pode ajudar na criação de um regime que minimize as interações indesejáveis. O potencial para interações medicamentosas deve ser avaliado quando qualquer novo medicamento (incluindo agentes de venda livre) é adicionado a um regime antirretroviral existente. A maioria das interações medicamentosas com medicamentos antirretroviral é mediada por inibição ou indução do metabolismo hepático de medicamentos. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, cujo objetivo foi compreender as possíveis interações de drogas em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV em processo de terapia antirretroviral. Após análise dos dados, concluiu-se que há riscos reais de interações medicamentosas a partir do uso de 5 ou mais medicamentos, por um tempo superior a seis anos. Os principais riscos apontados nesse sentido foram interferência na resposta terapêutica, aumento de reações adversas toxidade nos sistemas cardiovascular e nervoso central e dificuldades para detecção de resistência do HIV aos medicamentos antirretrovirais

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis