Academic and Socioсultural Adaptation of Students in Russian Universities

The article presents the results of the All-Russian sociological study of academic and sociocultural adaptation of students in Russian universities. The purpose of the article was to identify and interpret the problems of students’ adaptation to the educational process, research activities, project training, sociocultural environment of the university. The subject of the study was the selfassessment of the adaptability of junior students, as well as the factors influencing it. The novelty of the research consists in a comprehensive consideration of students’ adaptation to key activities at the university, including a new type of project activity. The empirical study was implemented through a massive online survey of students in May-July 2022. The respondents were first and second-year students enrolled in bachelor’s and full-time specialty programs in various areas of training. The total volume of the sample was 15,902 people, the maximum sampling error didn’t exceed 1%.Based on empirical data, the article shows the main problems of students’ adaptation to learning, namely, a significant amount of new information, the pace of the educational process, the format of practical classes and coursework that require more independence and activity than in school education. The authors reveal the connection between the level of students’ educational activity and initiative and the degree of their integration into the university community. The negative trend of decreasing student activity in the research field compared to the school period of study , as well as the preservation of a high proportion of those who are prone to academic fraud due to the lack of adaptive resources, is shown. It is concluded that the adaptation of students to project activities is complicated by their unwillingness to responsibility and independence, an attitude towards individualism and autonomy, an insufficiently high level of professional culture and professional knowledge, which is at odds with the expectations of project customers. At the same time, positive effects have been recorded in the field of sociocultural adaptation of nonresident and foreign students. Getting used to the specifics of Russian culture, the academic environment, and the new urban society occurs without much difficulty. The conclusion is made about the effectiveness of university programs of adaptation and support of foreign students and students with disabilities, reasoned by the absence of significant differences in adaptation problems in all groups of students

Влияние процесса старения на свойства дорожных битумных вяжущих, содержащих термоэластопласты и резиновую крошку, получаемую методом высокотемпературного сдвигового измельчения

The influence of the aging process on the properties of asphalt binders modified with active powder of discretely devulcanized rubber (APDDR) obtained in rotor dispersers by using the technique of high-temperature shearinduced grinding (HTSG), and other types of modifier. Comprehensive study of asphalt binders according to American Standard Super Pave showed that the use of APDDR can significantly improve not only the level of performance characteristics of asphalt concrete pavement, but the aging resistance of the material during manufacture asphalt mix that is caused as a dry way of introducing this type of modifier and its complex physicochemical properties. Conducted on Dynamic Shear Rheometer test bitumen modified crumb rubber by HTSG showed applicability APDDR particles as an effective modifier asphalt binders and asphalt coatings, designed to work in different climatic zones with the highest loads.В работе исследовано влияние процесса старения на структуру и реологические свойства дорожного битума БНД 60/90 и битумных вяжущих, модифицированных резиновой крошкой, получаемой в роторных диспергаторах методом высокотемпературного сдвигового измель-чения (ВСИ), а также другими типами модификаторов. Комплексное изучение битума и битум-ных вяжущих в соответствии с американским стандартом “SuperРave” показало, что применение данной резиновой крошки позволяет существенно повысить уровень эксплуатационных свойств асфальтобетонного покрытия. Битум, модифицированный резиновой крошкой, показывает наилучшие результаты по сравнению с другими типами модификаторов как до, так и после моделирования процесса старения

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm−1. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В КРОВЕНОСНЫХ МИКРОСОСУДАХ МИОКАРДА ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ЧЕРЕПНОМОЗГОВОЙ ТРАВМЕ

Aim of the research is to evaluate the structure changes of the capillaries, arterioles, venules and intra and extravascular alterations in myocardium of rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI).Material and methods. Experiments were performed in 18 white male noninbred rats. Midline thoracotomy was performed, and the heart excised under intraperitoneal anesthesia (sodium thiopental) on 3, 7 and 12 days after TBI. Myocardial tissue of the left ventricle was examined under light and electron microscopy.The results showed that following brain trauma there were changes of microvascular wall characterized by alterations of permeability, paracellular oedema, outgrowths of vessel endothelium, swelling, edema, and thinning of endothelial cells, intussusceptions, vacuolization of cytoplasm with fragmentation within the myocardium of the rats with TBI. Intravascular changes were manifested by the formation of hyaline thrombi, microaggregates and sludge of red blood cells in the lumen, altered vascular membrane structures, bubbles or even complete absence of circulation in capillaries (noreflow). Alterations outside of the vascular wall were manifested by the formation of diapedetic hemorrhage and development of a strongly pronounced perivascular edema. The injury of microvessels and the microrelief of the luminal surface of endothelial cells appeared to be important factors of activation of vascularplatelet mechanism of hemostasis.Conclusion. Treatment of traumatic disease should consider the need in timely correction of nonspecific alter ations associated with TBI to optimize the restructuring of cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, abrogate endothelial dysfunction and prevent microcirculatory complications.Цель: оценить структурные изменения капилляров, артериол, венул, внутри и внесосудистые нарушения в миокарде крыс, перенесших черепномозговую травму (ЧМТ).Материал и методы. На 18 белых нелинейных крысахсамках моделировали ЧМТ. Через 3, 7 и 12 суток после травмы на фоне внутрибрюшинного введения тиопентала натрия осуществляли декапитацию крыс, производили срединную торакотомию и извлекали сердце. Ткань миокарда левого желудочка исследовали с помощью светового и электронного микроскопа.Результаты исследования показали, что у крыс, перенесших ЧМТ, в миокарде формируются изменения стенки микрососудов, которые проявляются в нарушении ее проницаемости, перицеллюлярном отеке, образовании выростов эндотелия в просвет сосуда, набухании, отеке, истончении и деформации поверхности эндотелиальных клеток, вакуализации и выбухании фрагментов цитоплазмы. Внутрисосудистые изменения проявляются образованием гиалиновых тромбов, микроагрегатов и сладжей, в обнаружении в просвете сосудов мембранных структур, пузырей и даже полного отсутствия циркуляции в части капилляров (феномен norefloy). Нарушения за пределами сосудистой стенки проявляются в формировании диапедезных кровоизлияний и развитии выраженного периваскулярного отека. Повреждения микрососудов и, особенно, микрорельефа люминальной поверхности эндотелиоцитов являются значимыми факторами активации сосудистотромбоцитарного звена системы гемостаза.Заключение. Терапия травматической болезни должна быть направлена на своевременную коррекцию патогенетических факторов, вызывающих перестройку цитоскелета эндотелиальных клеток, а также эндотелиальной дисфункции и нарушений микроциркуляции

Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs

The grey wolf (Canis lupus) was the first species to give rise to a domestic population, and they remained widespread throughout the last Ice Age when many other large mammal species went extinct. Little is known, however, about the history and possible extinction of past wolf populations or when and where the wolf progenitors of the present-day dog lineage (Canisfamiliaris) lived(1-8). Here we analysed 72 ancient wolf genomes spanning the last 100,000 years from Europe, Siberia and North America. We found that wolf populations were highly connected throughout the Late Pleistocene, with levels of differentiation an order of magnitude lower than they are today. This population connectivity allowed us to detect natural selection across the time series, including rapid fixation of mutations in the gene IFT8840,000-30,000 years ago. We show that dogs are overall more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Eurasia than to those from western Eurasia, suggesting a domestication process in the east. However, we also found that dogs in the Near East and Africa derive up to half of their ancestry from a distinct population related to modern southwest Eurasian wolves, reflecting either an independent domestication process or admixture from local wolves. None of the analysed ancient wolf genomes is a direct match for either of these dog ancestries, meaning that the exact progenitor populations remain to be located.Peer reviewe

Diversity of muskox Ovibos moschatus (Zimmerman, 1780) (Bovidae, Mammalia) in time and space based on cranial morphometry

Muskox Ovibos moschatus is a Pleistocene relic, which has survived only in North America and Greenland. During the Pleistocene, it was widely distributed in Eurasia and North America. To evaluate its morphological variability through time and space, we conducted an extensive morphometric study of 217 Praeovibos and Ovibos skull remains. The analyses showed that the skulls grew progressively wider from Praeovibos sp. to the Pleistocene O. moschatus, while from the Pleistocene to the recent O. moschatus, the facial regions of the skull turned narrower and shorter. We also noticed significant geographic differences between the various Pleistocene Ovibos crania. Siberian skulls were usually larger than those from Western and Central Europe. Eastern Europeanmuskoxen also exceeded in size those from the other regions of Europe. The large size of Late Pleistocene muskoxen from regions located in more continental climatic regimes was probably associated with the presence of more suitable food resources in steppe-tundra settings. Consistently, radiocarbon-dated records of this species are more numerous in colder periods, when the steppe-tundra was widely spread, and less abundant in warmer periods

The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.

Northeastern Siberia has been inhabited by humans for more than 40,000 years but its deep population history remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia through analyses of 34 newly recovered ancient genomes that date to between 31,000 and 600 years ago. We document complex population dynamics during this period, including at least three major migration events: an initial peopling by a previously unknown Palaeolithic population of 'Ancient North Siberians' who are distantly related to early West Eurasian hunter-gatherers; the arrival of East Asian-related peoples, which gave rise to 'Ancient Palaeo-Siberians' who are closely related to contemporary communities from far-northeastern Siberia (such as the Koryaks), as well as Native Americans; and a Holocene migration of other East Asian-related peoples, who we name 'Neo-Siberians', and from whom many contemporary Siberians are descended. Each of these population expansions largely replaced the earlier inhabitants, and ultimately generated the mosaic genetic make-up of contemporary peoples who inhabit a vast area across northern Eurasia and the Americas

An ancient bison from the mouth of the Rauchua River (Chukotka, Russia)

An incomplete carcass of an extinct bison, Bison ex gr. priscus, was discovered in 2012 in the mouth of the Rauchua River (69°30'N, 166°49'E), Chukotka. The carcass included the rump with two hind limbs, ribs, and large flap of hide from the abdomen and sides, several vertebrae, bones of the forelimbs and anterior autopodia, stomach with its contents, and wool. The limb bones are relatively gracile, which is unusual in bison, and a SEM study of the hair microstructure suggests higher insulating capacity than in extant members of the genus. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that the Rauchua bison belonged to a distinct and previously unidentified lineage of steppe bison. Two radiocarbon dates suggest a Holocene age for the bison: a traditional 14C date provided an estimate of 8030±70 14C yr BP (SPb-743) and an AMS radiocarbon date provided an age of 9497±92 14C yr BP (AA101271). These dates make this the youngest known bison from Chukotka. Analysis of stomach contents revealed a diet of herbaceous plants (meadow grasses and sedges) and shrubs, suggesting that the early Holocene vegetation near the mouth of the Rauchua River was similar to that of the present day: tundra-associated vegetation with undersized plants

Modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia

Grey wolves (Canis lupus) are one of the few large terrestrial carnivores that maintained a wide geographic distribution across the Northern Hemisphere throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene. Recent genetic studies have suggested that, despite this continuous presence, major demographic changes occurred in wolf populations between the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, and that extant wolves trace their ancestry to a single late Pleistocene population. Both the geographic origin of this ancestral population and how it became widespread remain a mystery. Here we analyzed a large dataset of novel modern and ancient mitochondrial wolf genomes, spanning the last 50,000 years, using a spatially and temporally explicit modeling framework to show that contemporary wolf populations across the globe trace their ancestry to an expansion from Beringia at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum - a process most likely driven by the significant ecological changes that occurred across the Northern Hemisphere during this period. This study provides direct ancient genetic evidence that long-range migration has played an important role in the population history of a large carnivore and provides an insight into how wolves survived the wave of megafaunal extinctions at the end of the last glaciation. Moreover, because late Pleistocene grey wolves were the likely source from which all modern dogs trace their origins, the demographic history described in this study has fundamental implications for understanding the geographical origin of the dog

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: All collapsed and paired-end sequence data for samples sequenced in this study are available in compressed fastq format through the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB44430, together with rescaled and trimmed bam sequence alignments against both the nuclear and mitochondrial horse reference genomes. Previously published ancient data used in this study are available under accession numbers PRJEB7537, PRJEB10098, PRJEB10854, PRJEB22390 and PRJEB31613, and detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The genomes of ten modern horses, publicly available, were also accessed as indicated in their corresponding original publications57,61,85-87.NOTE: see the published version available via the DOI in this record for the full list of authorsDomestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture