The Influence of Pearlite Volume Fraction on Rayleigh Wave Propagation in A572 Grade 50 Steel

The acoustoelastic effect is the interaction between ultrasonic wave velocity and stress. To estimate the stress a perturbation signal is introduced and the shift in time of flight is measured at the receiving location. In addition to the stress, the wave velocity can be affected by the amount of phases in the material’s microstructure. This study investigates the changes in Rayleigh wave velocity for A572 grade 50 steel as a function of stress and pearlite phase volume fraction. In order to obtain different amounts of pearlite the samples are heat treated at 970 °C for time durations of 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours and then furnace cooled. The acoustoelastic coefficient for 0.5 and 1 MHz perturbation frequency is calculated by uniaxial loading of each heat treated plate while measuring ultrasonic wave velocity. The results are compared for pearlite phase volume fraction obtained from optical microscopy and hardness measurements

Zingiber officinale (Ginger) as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: A review of current literature

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used for a variety of conditions involving persistent inflammation of the digestive system. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are examples of IBD. There were some treatments like Amino salicylates, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and surgery which have been used for treating IBD. However, the short and long-term disabling adverse effects, like nausea, pancreatitis, elevated liver enzymes, allergic reactions, and other life-threatening complications remain a significant clinical problem. On the other hand, herbal medicine, believed to be safer, cheaper, and easily available, has gained popularity for treating IBD. Nowadays, Ginger, the Rizhome of Z. officinale from the Zingiberaceae family, one of the most commonly used fresh spices and herbs, has been proposed as a potential option for IBD treatment. According to upper issues, IBD treatment has become one of the society’s concerns. So, this review aims to summarize the data on the yin and yang of ginger use in IBD treatment

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97\ub71 (95% UI 95\ub78-98\ub71) in Iceland, followed by 96\ub76 (94\ub79-97\ub79) in Norway and 96\ub71 (94\ub75-97\ub73) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18\ub76 (13\ub71-24\ub74) in the Central African Republic, 19\ub70 (14\ub73-23\ub77) in Somalia, and 23\ub74 (20\ub72-26\ub78) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91\ub75 (89\ub71-93\ub76) in Beijing to 48\ub70 (43\ub74-53\ub72) in Tibet (a 43\ub75-point difference), while India saw a 30\ub78-point disparity, from 64\ub78 (59\ub76-68\ub78) in Goa to 34\ub70 (30\ub73-38\ub71) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4\ub78-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20\ub79-point to 17\ub70-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17\ub72-point to 20\ub74-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. METHODS: Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita

Microstructural Characterization and Damage Detection in Steels with Linear and Nonlinear Ultrasonic Test

The objective of this research is to study the potential of using nonlinear ultrasonic testing (NLUT) to detect damage early due to mechanical deformation or creep, as well as using it as a mean to assess microstructure changes. A comparison is also undertaken between the sensitivity of the NLUT (using nonlinearity parameter and acoustoelastic constant) and linear ultrasonic testing (LUT) technique (using wave velocity), for each damage type and microstructure assessment. This investigation consists of three different parts. In the first part of the investigation, assessment of the mechanical damage in a single-phase metal, Al-1100, was conducted to associate the strain directly with the NLUT and LUT parameters. In the second part, both NDE techniques were correlated with changes in the microstructure of the alloy after heat treatments; an A572 steel was intercritically annealed at different temperatures to generate different volume fractions of ferrite and martensite. In the third part of this study AISI 410 stainless steel specimens were submitted to different levels of creep; such damage includes both mechanical straining and microstructure changes due to exposures to different creep times and total strains. The results showed that the NLUT has the potential to detect the most minute changes in the microstructure with a sensitivity about 150 times more effective than LUT. However, using the LUT methods can still be beneficial in mapping the localized damage especially with the immersion techniques such as Scanning Acoustic Microscope. In the case of mechanical damage, the NLUT showed a continuous increase or decrease depending on the damage. For the case of creep damage assessment more work is needed to interpret the results due to the complexity of this type of damage due to mechanical and microstructural changes that occur simultaneously. There needs to be caution when interpreting the results since several factors are influential, particularly the initial condition of the component before service

The Influence of Pearlite Volume Fraction on Rayleigh Wave Propagation in A572 Grade 50 Steel

The acoustoelastic effect is the interaction between ultrasonic wave velocity and stress. To estimate the stress a perturbation signal is introduced and the shift in time of flight is measured at the receiving location. In addition to the stress, the wave velocity can be affected by the amount of phases in the material’s microstructure. This study investigates the changes in Rayleigh wave velocity for A572 grade 50 steel as a function of stress and pearlite phase volume fraction. In order to obtain different amounts of pearlite the samples are heat treated at 970 °C for time durations of 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours and then furnace cooled. The acoustoelastic coefficient for 0.5 and 1 MHz perturbation frequency is calculated by uniaxial loading of each heat treated plate while measuring ultrasonic wave velocity. The results are compared for pearlite phase volume fraction obtained from optical microscopy and hardness measurements.</p

Parents or school health trainers, which of them is appropriate for menstrual health education?

Objectives: The purpose of this community-based participatory research was to compare different training sources for adolescents′ menstrual health education. Methods: From 15 middle schools in Tehran, through quota random sampling, 1823 female students were selected proportionally and allocated randomly to three groups (parent trained, schools′ health trainers trained, and control). Following a two-year training program, the adolescents′ menstrual health was compared. Results: In the present study, the school health trainers trained group showed a better feeling for menarche, compared to the two other groups (P 0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested that school-based health training leads to better menstrual health promotion and healthy puberty transition, and school health trainers play a key role in this regard

Relationship Between Parents’ Mental Health and Anxiety in Children Aged 6-18 Years with Cancer in Hamadan, Iran

Background and Objectives: Cancer is among the main causes of death worldwide and the third cause of children’s death Iran. Children who suffer from cancer experience anxiety, and their parents’ mental health will be put in danger. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parents’ mental health and anxiety in children with cancer in Hamadan, Iran, 2023. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 children aged between 6-18 years old with cancer who were accompanied by their parents and referred to the Hematology Ward of Besat Hospital, Hamadan, Iran, and had inclusion criteria were selected through available sampling. Data collection tools included the Demographic Information Questionnaire, Goldberg mental health questionnaire (GHQ-28), and multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC). The collected data was analyzed using SPSS (version 26) and correlation and regression tests. Results: The mean and SD of the age of the children was 9.59 ± 2.88 years, and most (55%) of the studied children were boys and had leukemia (42%). The mean and SD of parents' mental health was 27.56 (10.66), and children's anxiety was 60.8 (14.93). No statistically significant relationship was observed between the mental health of parents and the anxiety of children with cancer (P>0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between parents' mental health and children's anxiety. Therefore, it is suggested to investigate these characteristics in a larger sample size and a different statistical population in future studies