Akibat Hukum Penanggalan Kekebalan (Immunity Waiver) Kepada Pejabat Diplomatik Ditinjau dari Konvensi Wina 1961 (Studi Kasus Penanggalan Kekebalan terhadap Asisten Atase Militer Malaysia di Selandia Baru Tahun 2014)

Asisten atase militer sebagai pejabat diplomatik dalam menjalankan misi diplomatiknya diberikan hak istimewa dan kekebalan dengan harapan bisa melangsungkan misi tersebut tanpa hambatan. Dalam prakteknya banyak pejabat diplomatik yang menyalahi aturan dari negara penerima dan menggunakan hak kekebalan serta keistimewaan tersebut sebagai suatu perlindungan untuk terbebas dari proses hukum. Pada Kenyataanya juga diatur bahwa kekebalan tidak bersifat mutlak dan bisa ditanggalkan. Permasalahan yang diteliti adalah bagaimana pengaturan mengenai penanggalan kekebalan menurut Konvensi Wina 1961 dan akibat hukum yang timbul dengan adanya penanggalan kekebalan terhadap asisten atase militer suatu negara. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penulisan hukum ini adalah yuridis normatif. Spesifikasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analisis. Metode analisis data dalam penlitian ini adalah normatif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan penulis melalui studi kepustakaan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa suatu hak kekebalan yang dimiliki oleh pejabat diplomatik bisa ditanggalkan oleh negara pengirim menurut Konvensi Wina 1961. Malaysia selaku negara pengirim menanggalkan kekebalan asisten atase militernya untuk berlangsungnya proses hukum di Selandia Baru sebagai negara penerima. Asisten atase militer Malaysia resmi dijatuhi hukuman oleh negara penerima dan setelah selesai menuntaskannya ia dideportasi kembali ke Malaysia.Abstrak ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris. Merupakan uraian singkat yang memuat tujuan, hasil penelitian, kesimpulan, serta implikasinya

Gene discovery in EST sequences from the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina sexual spores, asexual spores and haustoria, compared to other rust and corn smut fungi

© 2011 Xu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-161Background.Rust fungi are biotrophic basidiomycete plant pathogens that cause major diseases on plants and trees world-wide, affecting agriculture and forestry. Their biotrophic nature precludes many established molecular genetic manipulations and lines of research. The generation of genomic resources for these microbes is leading to novel insights into biology such as interactions with the hosts and guiding directions for breakthrough research in plant pathology. Results. To support gene discovery and gene model verification in the genome of the wheat leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina (Pt), we have generated Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) by sampling several life cycle stages. We focused on several spore stages and isolated haustorial structures from infected wheat, generating 17,684 ESTs. We produced sequences from both the sexual (pycniospores, aeciospores and teliospores) and asexual (germinated urediniospores) stages of the life cycle. From pycniospores and aeciospores, produced by infecting the alternate host, meadow rue (Thalictrum speciosissimum), 4,869 and 1,292 reads were generated, respectively. We generated 3,703 ESTs from teliospores produced on the senescent primary wheat host. Finally, we generated 6,817 reads from haustoria isolated from infected wheat as well as 1,003 sequences from germinated urediniospores. Along with 25,558 previously generated ESTs, we compiled a database of 13,328 non-redundant sequences (4,506 singlets and 8,822 contigs). Fungal genes were predicted using the EST version of the self-training GeneMarkS algorithm. To refine the EST database, we compared EST sequences by BLASTN to a set of 454 pyrosequencing-generated contigs and Sanger BAC-end sequences derived both from the Pt genome, and to ESTs and genome reads from wheat. A collection of 6,308 fungal genes was identified and compared to sequences of the cereal rusts, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) and stripe rust, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), and poplar leaf rust Melampsora species, and the corn smut fungus, Ustilago maydis (Um). While extensive homologies were found, many genes appeared novel and species-specific; over 40% of genes did not match any known sequence in existing databases. Focusing on spore stages, direct comparison to Um identified potential functional homologs, possibly allowing heterologous functional analysis in that model fungus. Many potentially secreted protein genes were identified by similarity searches against genes and proteins of Pgt and Melampsora spp., revealing apparent orthologs. Conclusions. The current set of Pt unigenes contributes to gene discovery in this major cereal pathogen and will be invaluable for gene model verification in the genome sequence

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements