MİSİNA İPİNİN BETONUN MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

In this study, the mechanical properties of concrete,  one of the composite materials widely used for the construction sector in the world, with adding monofilament fishing line that can be used in many different areas has been investigated. It was investigated whether or not the monofilament fishing line could be considered as the structural fiber. In order to determine the mechanical properties of fibrous concrete split tensile, compressive, and flexural strength tests were performed. As polypropylene fiber and polyamide-based fibers available from the market, nylon-based monofilament fishing line was added at 0,5%, 1,0% and 1,5% by volume. Experimental results showed that the use of monofilament fishing line as a structural fiber were possible and showed a similar effect as the other structural fibers. As a result of the experiments compared to the plain concrete, it was found that adding 0,5% monofilament fishing line increasing the compressive strength and flexural strength by 19% and 26% respectively. While adding 1,0% monofilament fishing line increased the split tensile strength by 23%. As a result, monofilament fishing line which can remain intact for many years in nature could be evaluated as structural fiber

Prey Selection of Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) in a Freshwater Ecosystem (Lake Eğirdir/Turkey)

In the present study, food spectrum of the topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva and it food preference to different prey species were investigated in Lake Eğirdir, Turkey. Fish specimens were collected in April, May, June, July and August (2010–2011). Diet analysis was carried out on 88 fish specimens. The benthic larvae of Chironomus sp., the corophiid amphipod Chelicorophium curvispinum and the zooplankter Nitocra hibernica were found to dominate food items. In addition, the fish consumed zooplankton (especially cladocera and copepoda), phytoplankton, annelida, malacostraca and insecta species. Unindentified eggs were also found in the stomachs. Phytoplankton, particularly Gomphonema (V = 0.255, X2 = 13.058, p 8 cm (8.0–8.9 cm, 9.0–9.9 cm, 10.0–10.9 cm, 11.0–11.9 cm)

The effect of extended incubation of stool cultures on the isolation rates of Salmonella species

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, dışkı kültürlerinde inkübasyon süresinin uzatılmasının Salmonella cinsi bakterilerin izolasyon oranına katkısı araştırıldı. Çalışma Planı: Toplam 1207 dışkı örneği ayırtıcı, seçici ve çoğaltıcı besiyerlerine ekildi. Katı besiyerleri (Salmonella-Shigella agar, eosin metilen blue agar) ve sıvı besiyerinden (selenite broth) yapılan altkültürler 24 ve 48. saatlerde değerlendirilmek üzere inkübe edildi. Bulgular: Dışkı örneklerinin 1150’sinde (%95.3) üreme görülmedi, 55’inde Salmonella (%4.6), ikisinde Shigella (%0.2) cinsi bakteri üredi. Üreme olmayan 1150 dışkı örneği 16-18 saat daha inkübe edildiğinde ek olarak 10 Salmonella cinsi bakteri izolasyonu elde edildi. Bunların selenite broth ve eosin metilen blue agar besiyerinden izole edilen bir suş dışında tamamının selenite broth besiyerinden izole edildiği görüldü. İnkübasyon süresinin 24 saatten 48 saate uzatılmasının Salmonella cinsi bakteri izolasyonunu %18.2 oranında artırdığı görüldü. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarlarındaki rutin dışkı kültürlerinde inkübasyon süresinin uzatılmasının izolasyon oranını artırdığı ve bu nedenle kullanılması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.Objectives: We investigated the contribution of extended incubation period of stool cultures to the isolation rates of Salmonella species. Study Design: A total of 1207 stool specimens were inoculated into differential, enrichment, and selective media. The solid media (Salmonella-Shigella agar, eosin methylene blue agar), and subcultures from liquid media (selenite broth) were incubated for 24 and 48 hours. Results: No growth was observed in 1150 cultures (95.3%) of stool specimens. Salmonella strains were isolated in 55 specimens (4.6%) and Shigella (0.2%) in two specimens. Reincubation of 1150 specimens for another 16-18 hours yielded Salmonella growth in 10 samples, all of which were isolated in selenite broth except one which was isolated in both eosin methylene blue agar and selenite broth. It was found that extending the incubation period to 48 hours resulted in a 18.2% increase in the isolation of Salmonella strains. Conclusion: Based on our findings, we suggest that the system of extended incubation be a routine practice for stool cultures in clinical microbiology laboratories

Caspases activities in TNF-α applied HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell

Amaç: Tümör nekroz faktörü (TNF), hücre sağkalımı, proliferasyon, farklılaşma, inflamasyon, bağışıklık ve apoptoz gibi hücresel olaylarda anahtar rol oynar. Tümör sitotoksisitesindeki etkisinden dolayı Tümör nekroz faktörü olarak adlandırılmasına rağmen, TNF geniş bir yelpazede birçok hastalıkla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, hepatoselüler karsinoma hücrelerinde TNF-α'nın kaspaz 1, 3 ve 9 enzim aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve metod: Çalışmada TNF-α uygulanmayan (kontrol) ve 24 saat boyunca TNF-α uygulanan hepatoselüler karsinoma hücre hattı HepG2 hücreleri kullanılmıştır. TNF-α'nın kaspaz 1, kaspaz 3 ve kaspaz 9 enzim aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkileri kolorimetrik olarak ticari kit ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: TNF-α uygulanan HepG2 hücrelerinde kaspaz 1 ve kaspaz 3 enzim aktivitelerinde kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı artış gözlenmiştir (p<0,05). Sonuç: TNF-α inflamatuar hücreler tarafından salınan pro-inflamatuvar bir sitokindir. Bu mekanizma, yangıya bağlı şekillenen karsinogenezde rol oynayabilir. TNF, hem tümör oluşumunu destekleyebilir hem de kanser hücrelerini öldürücü etki gösterebilir. Sunulan bulgular, TNF-α uygulanan HepG2 hücrelerinde kaspaz bağlımlı hücre ölümünün meydana geldiğini ortaya koymaktadır.Purpose: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a key role in cellular events such as cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, immunity, and apoptosis. Although named Tumor necrosis factor for its tumor cytotoxicity, TNF has been implicated in a wide spectrum of other diseases. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of TNF-α on caspase 3, 9, and 1 enzyme activities in HepG2 cells. Materials and methods: Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 was used and cells were cultured in the absence (control) or presence of TNF-α for 24 h. The effect of TNF-α on caspase 3, caspase 9, and caspase 1 enzyme activities in hepatocarcinoma cells were examined in TNF-α treated and control cells using colorimetric assay kits. Results: There were significant increases in caspases 1 and 3 levels in TNF-α treated HepG2 cells compare to control cells. Conclusions: TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, secreted by inflammatory cells. This mechanism may be involved in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. TNF could act both as tumor promoter, and cancer killer. Presented findings suggest that caspases-dependent cell death occurs in TNF-α applied HepG2 cells

Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe

Analysis of Semiyotic in 10 Years Old Group Children's Paintings inVisual Arts Lesson

Görsel sanatlar dersindeki uygulamalarda ortaya çıkan ürünler, bu dersin öğretmenleri tarafından sadece biçimsel özellikleriyle değerlendirilmektedir. Oysaki günümüz dünyasındaki çocuk, etrafı yoğun göstergelerle çevrili bir zaman ve mekanda yaşamaktadır. Böyle bir ortamda yaşayan çocuğun, resimlerinde imgeleri kullanırken gösterdiği tavrın bir anlamı olmalıdır. Bu anlam çocuğun bireysel duygu ve düşünce dünyasını da temsil eder. Ortaya çıkan ürünler sadece biçimsel özellikleriyle değerlendirildiğinde sözü edilen anlamlar göz ardı edilmektedir. Göstergebilim, görünenin arkasında yatan ikinci anlamı keşfetmek olduğuna göre araştırmanın genel amacı, görsel sanatlar dersinde ortaya çıkan resimleri göstergebilimsel açıdan incelemektir. Bu çalışmada yöntem olarak deneysel bir çalışma olan tek grup öntest-sontest modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2016-2017 eğitim öğretim yılı içinde, Diyarbakır ili Sur ilçesinde Ali Paşa ortaokulunda 6/B sınıfında okuyan 40 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Görsel sanatlar dersinde 4 haftalık bir ders planı hazırlanarak iletişim kavramı işlenmiş ve bu konu hakkında öntest-sontest resim yaptırılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler Peirce'in görüntüsel gösterge, belirti, simge üçlüsü olarak belirlediği göstergeler dizgesi başlığı altında alanında uzman iki öğretim üyesi ve araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen resim değerlendirme ölçeğine işlenmiştir. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemleri olarak frekans ve yüzde kullanılmıştır. Kategorik iki bağımlı grup verilerinin arasındaki farkı belirlemek üzere McNemar testi uygulanmıştır. İletişim kavramı ile ilgili çocukların ortaya çıkardığı imgeler, biçimsel anlamlarının yanısıra gösterge çözümlenmesi ile incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak çocukların resimlerinde kullandıkları görüntüsel gösterge, belirti ve simgelerin öntest-sontest değişimlerinde anlamlı farklar bulunmuştur. Çocuğun kendisini dilsel olarak ifade edemediği ama iç dünyasından ipuçları sunduğu çalışmalarda, göstergelerin arkasındaki anlamı keşfetmek öğrencinin sosyal ve duygusal yaşantılarının olumlu yönde gelişmesine katkıda bulunacaktır.Products coming out of practices in visual arts courses are evaluated solely with their formal features by the teachers of this course. However, the child of today's world lives in a time and space surrounded by intense show. The attitude of the child living in such an environment should be a sign of his use of images in his paintings. This meaning also represents the child's individual emotion and thought world. When the resulting products are assessed only by the formal characteristics of the child, the implications are ignored. Since semiotics is to discover the second meaning behind the appearance, the general purpose of research is to examine semiotically the paintings that emerge in the visual arts lesson. In this study, a single group pretest-posttest model was used as an experimental study. The study group of the study consists of 40 students in 6 / B class in Ali Paşa secondary school in the province of Sur, Diyarbakır province during the academic year of 2016-2017. In the course of visual arts, a lesson plan of 4 weeks was prepared and the concept of communication was processed and prentest-posttect painting was made about this subject. The obtained data was processed by Peirce's image evaluation scale developed by two lecturers and researchers in the field under the title of "indicator, symbol, symbol" triangles.The McNemar test was used to determine the difference between two categorical dependent group data. The images of children about the concept of communication have been analyzed by analyzing their formal meanings. As a result, find important changes in the pretest-posttest changes of the visual indicators, signs and symbols that children use in their pictures. Exploring the meaning behind the signs will contribute to the positive development of the student's social and emotional experiences, when the child can not express himself linguistically but has hints from the inner world

Kırşehir Bölgesinde Farklı Yaş Gruplarında Hepatit A Virüs Seroprevalans Oranları ve Literatürün Değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Hepatit A dünyada en sık izlenen enfeksiyon hastalıklarındandır. Bulaş fekal-oral yol ile olması nedeniyle hepatit A virüs (HAV) enfeksiyonu prevalansı bölgenin ekonomik gelişimi ile paraleldir. Bu çalışmada, eğitim ve araştırma hastanemize başvuran farklı yaş gruplarından hastalarda hepatit A seroprevalansının saptanması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2009-Haziran 2013 yılları arasında Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi'ne başvuran hastaların serum örneklerinde Cobas 6000 (Roche, Germany) cihazı kullanılarak kemiluminesans mikropartikül immünoassay metodu ile anti-HAV IgM ve IgG antikorları incelendi. Hastalar 0-5, 6-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, ve 71 yaş üzeri olarak sınıflandırıldı ve değerlendirildi. İstatistiksel analiz SPSS 15.0 software kullanılarak yapıldı ve p değeri <0,05 altında ise anlamlı olarak kabul edildi.Bulgular: Anti-HAV IgM ve anti-HAV IgG pozitifliği sırasıyla %0,5 ve %87,3 idi. Anti-HAV IgM pozitifliği en yüksek 41-50 yaş grubunda, en düşük 0-5 ve 11-20 yaş grubunda belirlendi. Anti-HAV IgG pozitifliği ise en yüksek 0-5 yaş grubunda (%99,7), en düşük 11-30 yaş grubunda (%61) izlendi. Anti-HAV IgM pozitifliğine en sık Ağustos, Eylül ve Aralık ayında rastlandı.Sonuç: Bu çalışmada HAV prevalansı ülkemizde yapılan diğer çalışmalarla benzer bulunmuştur. HAV enfeksiyon prevalansının azaltılmasında aşılama programlarının yanı sıra sanitasyon uygulamalarının iyileştirilmesi gereklidir.Objective: Hepatitis A is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection correlates with the economic development of a region due to the transmission by fecal-oral route. In this study, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis A among patients of different age groups admitted to a training and research hospital.Materials and Methods: During the study period, January 2009-June 2013, serum samples of patients admitted to Ahi Evran University Research and Training Hospital were tested for anti-HAV IgM and IgG antibodies by the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay using Cobas 6000 (Roche, Germany) analyzer. The patients were divided into the age groups: 0-5, 6-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, and 71 years and over. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 software and a p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV IgG positivity rates were 0.5% and 87.3%, respectively. The highest anti-HAV IgM positivity was detected in the 41-50 age group and the lowest in the 0-5 and 11-20 age groups. The highest anti-HAV IgG positivity rate was observed in patients 0-5 years of age (99.7%) and lowest in those 11-30 years of age (61%). Anti-HAV IgM positivity rate was highest in August, September and December.Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of HAV infection was found to be similar to that in previous studies performed in our country. It is clear that implementation of vaccination programs as well as improving sanitation practices are essential for decreasing the prevalence of the infection

Seroprevalence Rates of Hepatitis A Virus in Different Age Groups in the Province of Kirsehir and a Review of the Literature

WOS: 000217248600003Objective: Hepatitis A is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection correlates with the economic development of a region due to the transmission by fecal-oral route. In this study, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis A among patients of different age groups admitted to a training and research hospital. Materials and Methods: During the study period, January 2009-June 2013, serum samples of patients admitted to Ahi Evran University Research and Training Hospital were tested for anti-HAV IgM and IgG antibodies by the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay using Cobas 6000 (Roche, Germany) analyzer. The patients were divided into the age groups: 0-5, 6-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, and 71 years and over. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 software and a p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV IgG positivity rates were 0.5% and 87.3%, respectively. The highest anti-HAV IgM positivity was detected in the 41-50 age group and the lowest in the 0-5 and 11-20 age groups. The highest anti-HAV IgG positivity rate was observed in patients 0-5 years of age (99.7%) and lowest in those 11-30 years of age (61%). Anti-HAV IgM positivity rate was highest in August, September and December. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of HAV infection was found to be similar to that in previous studies performed in our country. It is clear that implementation of vaccination programs as well as improving sanitation practices are essential for decreasing the prevalence of the infection

The Development of Imitation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Developmental Role of Imitation

Imitation skills play an important role in child development during early childhood. Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exhibit limitations in their imitation skills and these limitations differentiate autistic children from other children with developmental disorders. Studies revealed that early imitation skills of children with autism spectrum disorders are related to expressive language, receptive language, lexical development, social interaction and play development which show that imitation also plays a vital role in autistic child development. Additively; in all these imitation skills, children with autism spectrum disorders exhibit a rather poor performance compared to their typically developing peers and children diagnosed with different developmental disorders. They have more difficulty in spontaneous imitation behaviours in natural environments than those which take place in structured environments. This shows that even children with autism spectrum disorders acquire imitation skills, they experience difficulties in understanding the social role of imitation and using imitation for social interaction and social learning in natural contexts