Evaluasi Program Pencegahan Gizi Buruk melalui Promosi dan Pemantauan Pertumbuhan Anak Balita

Background: Recently, the infant mortality rate in West Nusa Tenggara is remaining high which is 77 per 1,000 birth lives. This number is above national rates (35 per 1,000 birth lives). The maternal mortality rate is also high, which is 370 per 100,000 births, and is above national rates 307 per 100,000 births. While the literate rate is still under national rate. Degree of community health that has been worse was worsening through outbreak malnutrition in 2005. Malnutrition can be prevented through posyandu activity. Growth monitoring and promotion of children under five years old in posyandu can detect case of malnutrition early.Objective: The study was aimed to know how execution of programmed of growth monitoring and promotion of children under five years old in posyandu in Mataram municipality was undertaken.Method: This was a qualitative study. Forty eight informants participated in this study. Informants consisted of 14 mother of children under five years, 10 cadres, 5 leaders of community, 11 staff of community health centre (puskesmas), 7 members of Mataram posyandu operational working group (pokjanal posyandu) and 1 staff provincial health office. Location of the study was in Mataram municipality. Subjects were chosen purposively at three sub district that were Ampenan, Cakranegara and Mataram. Data were collected by in depth interview, focus group discussion and observation. Triangulation on methods and informants/source were used in assessing the trustworthiness of data. Data analysis was carried out through data transcript, open coding, axial coding,data presentation and making conclusion.Result: Mothers of children under five years old with low education and low income did not comprehend meaning growth of child, so they were unable to prevent malnutrition. Growth monitoring and promotion of children under five years old has not been carried out well, particulary at desk 3th (weighing measurement) and desk 4th (counseling). Cadres have not had capacity to detect malnutrition, that may caused by lack of training. Staff of puskesmas had so much work so that they did not work properly in delivering posyandu.Conclusion: Growth monitoring and promotion programmed of child under five years old has not been carried out well, low work performance of cadre and puskesmas staff and lack of supervision

Peranan Rumen Dengan Penambahan Aktivator Em 4 Dan Pupuk Urea Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Pak Choy (Brassica Chinensis L.)

Tanaman pak-choy (Brassica chinensis L.) ialah sayuran yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis dan kandungan gizi tinggi. Produktivitas tanaman pakcoy tidak terlepas dari peran pupuk. Pemanfaatan rumen menjadi pupuk ialah solusi alternatif yang dapat dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan limbah rumah potong hewan agar dapat bersinergi dengan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari peran pupuk organik rumen dengan penambahan aktivator EM 4 yang dapat mengurangi peran pupuk Urea pada tanaman pak-choy. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) 3 ulangan dan 9 Perlakuanterdiri dari P1 : Urea 176 kg ha-1, P2 : Urea 132 kg ha-1+Rumen 2,3 ton ha1, P3 : Urea 88 kg ha-1+Rumen 4,6 ton ha-1, P4 : Urea 44 kg ha-1+Rumen 6,9 ton ha-1, P5 : Rumen 9,2 ton ha-1, P6 : Urea 132 kg ha-1+Rumen (EM 4) 2,2 ton ha-1, P7 : Urea 88 kg ha-1+Rumen (EM 4) 4,4 ton ha-1, P8 : Urea 44 kg ha-1+Rumen (EM 4) 6,6 ton ha-1, P9 : Rumen (EM 4) 8,8 ton ha-1. Pemupukan 81 kg N ha-1 berupa pupuk Urea, rumen dan rumen yang ditambahkan aktivator EM 4 pada komposisi yang berbeda-beda memberikan perbedaan pada tinggi tanaman pada umur 20 dan 30 hst dan jumlah daun pada umur 20 hst. Namun pemberian pupuk tidak memberikan hasil yang berbeda nyata pada tanaman pak-choy

Evaluasi Program Pencegahan Gizi Buruk melalui Promosi dan Pemantauan Pertumbuhan Anak Balita

Background: Recently, the infant mortality rate in West Nusa Tenggara is remaining high which is 77 per 1,000 birth lives. This number is above national rates (35 per 1,000 birth lives). The maternal mortality rate is also high, which is 370 per 100,000 births, and is above national rates 307 per 100,000 births. While the literate rate is still under national rate. Degree of community health that has been worse was worsening through outbreak malnutrition in 2005. Malnutrition can be prevented through posyandu activity. Growth monitoring and promotion of children under five years old in posyandu can detect case of malnutrition early.Objective: The study was aimed to know how execution of programmed of growth monitoring and promotion of children under five years old in  posyandu in Mataram municipality was undertaken.Method: This was a qualitative study. Forty eight informants participated in this study. Informants consisted of 14 mother of children under five years, 10 cadres, 5 leaders of community, 11 staff of community health centre (puskesmas), 7 members of Mataram  posyandu operational working group  (pokjanal posyandu) and 1 staff provincial health office. Location of the study was in Mataram municipality. Subjects were chosen purposively at three sub district that were Ampenan, Cakranegara and Mataram. Data were collected by in depth interview, focus group discussion and observation. Triangulation on methods and informants/source were used in assessing the trustworthiness of data. Data analysis was carried out through data transcript, open coding, axial coding,data presentation and making conclusion.Result: Mothers of children under five years old with low education and low income did not comprehend meaning growth of child, so they were unable to prevent malnutrition. Growth monitoring and promotion of children under five years old has not been carried out well, particulary at desk 3th (weighing measurement) and desk 4th (counseling). Cadres have not had capacity to detect malnutrition, that may caused by lack of training. Staff of  puskesmas had so much work so that they did not work properly in delivering  posyandu.Conclusion: Growth monitoring and promotion programmed of child under five years old has not been carried out well, low work performance of cadre and  puskesmas staff and lack of supervision.Keywords: malnutrition,  posyandu, growth monitoring, mother of children under five years old

Streptococcus agalactiae isolates FROM SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS CATTLE : I. In vitto phenotypic expression of isolates

Thirty six isolates Streptococcus agalactiae from subclinical mastitis cattle in Bogor were esanlincd their phenotypic espressions such as hemolytic pattern. supernatant turbidity inliquid medium, and colony morphology in semisolid medium (agar semi solid). Nine, fifteen and ttvelve isolates showed their a, 0, and y hemolytic patterns respectively. Fourteen isolates showed turbid supernatant, 18 isolates with less turbid supernatant, and the rest gave clear supernatant in fluid medium. In agar semi solid, 15 isolates showed mostly thick diffuse colonies in combination with thin diffuse and compact colonies, 17 isolates with mostly thin diffuse colonies in combination with thick diffuse and compact colonies. The rest isolates showed compact without diffuse colonies. There was a relation between growth pattern in fluid medium and colony morphology in agar semi solid, and the vari

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1·4 million (95% UI 1·2 to 1·6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25·3 million (22·2 to 28·9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI

Global, regional, and national levels and trends in burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

Government and nongovernmental organizations need national and global estimates on the descriptive epidemiology of common oral conditions for policy planning and evaluation. The aim of this component of the Global Burden of Disease study was to produce estimates on prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability for oral conditions from 1990 to 2017 by sex, age, and countries. In addition, this study reports the global socioeconomic pattern in burden of oral conditions by the standard World Bank classification of economies as well as the Global Burden of Disease Socio-demographic Index. The findings show that oral conditions remain a substantial population health challenge. Globally, there were 3.5 billion cases (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI], 3.2 to 3.7 billion) of oral conditions, of which 2.3 billion (95% UI, 2.1 to 2.5 billion) had untreated caries in permanent teeth, 796 million (95% UI, 671 to 930 million) had severe periodontitis, 532 million (95% UI, 443 to 622 million) had untreated caries in deciduous teeth, 267 million (95% UI, 235 to 300 million) had total tooth loss, and 139 million (95% UI, 133 to 146 million) had other oral conditions in 2017. Several patterns emerged when the World Bank’s classification of economies and the Socio-demographic Index were used as indicators of economic development. In general, more economically developed countries have the lowest burden of untreated dental caries and severe periodontitis and the highest burden of total tooth loss. The findings offer an opportunity for policy makers to identify successful oral health strategies and strengthen them; introduce and monitor different approaches where oral diseases are increasing; plan integration of oral health in the agenda for prevention of noncommunicable diseases; and estimate the cost of providing universal coverage for dental care

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation

The global, regional, and national burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence Review The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.Findings In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic