Including the Excluded:Strategies of Opening Up in Late Medieval Religious Writing

Practices of rewriting and mouvance are central to medieval culture, but have been neglected by contemporary scholarship. This paper highlights how collaborative forms of writing such as religious song engage with complex theological thought, opening up a discourse from which the laity had previously been excluded. Using forms which defy conventional author-based aesthetic norms, these songs explore poetic practices which are both collective and inclusive.Almut Suerbaum, ‘Including the Excluded: Strategies of Opening Up in Late Medieval Religious Writing’, in Openness in Medieval Europe, ed. by Manuele Gragnolati and Almut Suerbaum, Cultural Inquiry, 23 (Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2022), pp. 191-208 <https://doi.org/10.37050/ci-23_10

Die Paradoxie mystischer Lehre im ›St. Trudperter Hohenlied‹ und im ›Fließenden Licht der Gottheit‹

Wenn Werke der mittelalterlichen volkssprachigen Mystik in Literaturgeschichten behandelt werden, so scheint oft die Wahl zwischen zwei Zugangswegen. Verbreitet ist, vor allem wenn es um Werke schreibender Frauen geht, eine autobiographische Lesart, bei der das sprechende Ich umstandslos mit der Autorin identifiziert wird. So entstand der Begriff der ‘Erlebnismystik’, in der literarische Zeugnisse unmittelbar als Bericht aus dem Leben gelesen wurden, einem Leben, das dann oft pathologisiert wurde.[…] Im Rahmen solch autobiographischer Authentizität scheint ein Anspruch auf Lehre, die ja gerade die interpersonale Übertragbarkeit von Regeln voraussetzt, unangemessen. Wenn man hingegen die literarische Konstruiertheit der Texte hervorhebt, […] gilt das Augenmerk vor allem der zentralen Paradoxie, an der sich diese Texte abarbeiten, nämlich der Versprachlichung des grundsätzlich die Sprache übersteigenden Augenblickes der unio. Wo die eine Richtung in Begriffen von ‘Erlebnis’ und ‘Erfahrung’ die biographische Echtheit der Texte beschwört, sieht die andere den besonderen Status der Texte gerade in ihrer Literarizität. Solche Elemente literarischer Konstruiertheit aber, die Werke geistlicher Literatur in die Nähe weltlich-fiktionaler Dichtung verschieben, erscheinen aus ganz anderer Perspektive ebenfalls unvereinbar mit Lehrhaftigkeit. Was beide Interpretationsweisen dabei in der Regel aus den Augen verlieren, ist der Aspekt des lehrhaften Sprechens […]. Beide von mir ausgewählten Beispiele sind deutlich der Didaxe verpflichtet und präsentieren sich als an ein Publikum gerichtet, das sie belehren möchten

Aspects of the Performative in Medieval Culture

The volume assesses performative structures within a variety of medieval forms of textuality, from vernacular literature to records of parliamentary proceedings, from prayer books to musical composition. Three issues are central to the volume:the role of ritual speech acts the way in which authorship can be seen as created within medieval texts rather than as a given category finally, phenomena of voice, created and situated between citation and repetition, especially in forms which appropriate and transform literary tradition. The volume encompasses articles by historians and musicologists as well as literary scholars

Openness in Medieval Europe

This volume challenges the persistent association of the Middle Ages with closure and fixity. Bringing together a range of disciplines and perspectives, it identifies and uncovers forms of openness which are often obscured by modern assumptions, and demonstrates how they coexist with, or even depend upon, enclosure and containment in paradoxical and unexpected ways. Explored through notions such as porosity, vulnerability, exposure, unfinishedness, and inclusivity, openness turns out to permeate medieval culture, unsettling boundaries, binaries, and clear-cut distinctions.Openness in Medieval Europe, ed. by Manuele Gragnolati and Almut Suerbaum, Cultural Inquiry, 23 (Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2022) <https://doi.org/10.37050/ci-23

Mosaic DNA imports with interspersions of recipient sequence after natural transformation of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of half of the human population, causing gastritis, ulcers, and cancer. H. pylori is naturally competent for transformation by exogenous DNA, and recombination during mixed infections of one stomach with multiple H. pylori strains generates extensive allelic diversity. We developed an in vitro transformation protocol to study genomic imports after natural transformation of H. pylori. The mean length of imported fragments was dependent on the combination of donor and recipient strain and varied between 1294 bp and 3853 bp. In about 10% of recombinant clones, the imported fragments of donor DNA were interrupted by short interspersed sequences of the recipient (ISR) with a mean length of 82 bp. 18 candidate genes were inactivated in order to identify genes involved in the control of import length and generation of ISR. Inactivation of the antimutator glycosylase MutY increased the length of imports, but did not have a significant effect on ISR frequency. Overexpression of mutY strongly increased the frequency of ISR, indicating that MutY, while not indispensable for ISR formation, is part of at least one ISR-generating pathway. The formation of ISR in H. pylori increases allelic diversity, and contributes to the uniquely low linkage disequilibrium characteristic of this pathogen

What Does It Mean to Be Young for Syrian Men Living as Refugees in Cairo?

This article deals with Syrian young men who fled to Egypt after the uprising in 2011. Their life was affected by the challenges stemming from displacement, such as their confrontation with new responsibilities, unknown vulnerabilities and emotions, liminality and precarity. They suffered from forced displacement in a gender- and age-specific way

Comparison of a Lateral Flow Assay and a Latex Agglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Cryptococcus Neoformans Infection

Infections by the basidiomycete yeast Cryptococcus neoformans are life-threatening diseases claiming more than 600,000 lives every year. The most common manifestation is cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients. Diagnosis primarily relies on antigen testing from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Current guidelines recommend rapid antigen testing with a focus on point-of-care assays. Over the recent years, a range of new lateral flow assays (LFAs) was launched. There is still a lack of data evaluating the CE-certified Biosynex RDT CryptoPS LFA. We compared the performance of this LFA with a latex agglutination assay (LAA; Latex-Cryptococcus Antigen Detection System, IMMY) from blood and CSF samples. Blood and/or CSF samples of 27 patients with proven cryptococcal infections caused by different species and blood-CSF pairs of 20 controls were tested applying LFA and LAA. Upon combined analysis of blood and CSF, both assays were able to identify all C.~neoformans infections. Based on CSF analysis only, the LFA and the LAA had sensitivities of 100% and 93%. Neither test gave false-positive results nor was reactive in two cases of C.~non-neoformans/non-gattii species infections. Both assays have high sensitivities and specificities for the diagnosis of C.~neoformans infection. Contrarily to the IMMY LAA, the RDT CryptoPS LFA is suitable as a point-of-care test but is limited in the quantification of antigen reactivity

Gebärden im mittelhochdeutschen Prosa-Lancleot

Die vorliegene Arbeit untersucht anhand der deutschen Fassung des Prosa-Lancelot, welche Bedeutung der Darstellung von Gebaerden in der Strukturierung der Narration zukommt. Szenen, in denen zeremonielle Gebaerden in stark typisierender Funktion eingesetzt werden und damit gesellschaftliche Normativitaet im Raum inszenieren, lassen den Gegensatz zu solchen Episoden besonders scharf hervortreten, in denen gebaerdenhafte Zeichen sowohl fuer die Figuren im Text wie auch fuer Leser mehrdeutig werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass im Prosa-Lancelot solche Ambiguitaet wesentlich fuer die Konzeption der Liebenden, aber auch fuer die Figur des Koenigs Artus wird, dessen Praesentation als Melancholiker die Erosion herrscherlicher Ordnung im Zeichen der Minne ins Bild setzt. Die Gralsqueste dagegen unternimmt im Umfeld zisterziensischer Spiritualitaet eine Reduktion auf eindeutige Zeichen, in der koerperliche Gebaerden fast voellig hinter dem gesprochenen Wort zuruecktreten

PLoS Genet.

Our understanding of basic evolutionary processes in bacteria is still very limited. For example, multiple recent dating estimates are based on a universal inter-species molecular clock rate, but that rate was calibrated using estimates of geological dates that are no longer accepted. We therefore estimated the short-term rates of mutation and recombination in Helicobacter pylori by sequencing an average of 39,300 bp in 78 gene fragments from 97 isolates. These isolates included 34 pairs of sequential samples, which were sampled at intervals of 0.25 to 10.2 years. They also included single isolates from 29 individuals (average age: 45 years) from 10 families. The accumulation of sequence diversity increased with time of separation in a clock-like manner in the sequential isolates. We used Approximate Bayesian Computation to estimate the rates of mutation, recombination, mean length of recombination tracts, and average diversity in those tracts. The estimates indicate that the short-term mutation rate is 1.4x10(-6) (serial isolates) to 4.5x10(-6) (family isolates) per nucleotide per year and that three times as many substitutions are introduced by recombination as by mutation. The long-term mutation rate over millennia is 5-17-fold lower, partly due to the removal of non-synonymous mutations due to purifying selection. Comparisons with the recent literature show that short-term mutation rates vary dramatically in different bacterial species and can span a range of several orders of magnitude