Contribuição do enfoque de ciclo de vida da ecologia industrial na economia do meio ambiente : estudo de caso : etanol derivado de bagaço da cana-de-açúcar

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Economia, 2012.Desenvolvimento sustentável propõe mudanças fundamentais na maneira de como a sociedade fundamenta suas decisões. Para avaliar as políticas ou ações direcionadas a atingir o desenvolvimento sustentável, requere-se de métodos e ferramentas que quantifiquem e comparem, de forma robusta e consistente, os impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais das diferentes atividades que provêem bens e serviços a uma economia, e que ajudem a identificar os caminhos chaves para alcançar a qualidade ambiental e a prosperidade econômica. Entre as ferramentas analíticas mais usadas para a análise ambiental das atividades econômicas estão o enfoque de insumo-produto da economia e a avaliação de ciclo de vida da ecologia industrial. O primeiro enfoque tem um contexto macroeconômico com uma perspectiva linear do fluxo de materiais, enquanto o enfoque de ciclo de vida apresenta dados micros em um contexto macro com uma perspectiva de sistema cíclica, onde é esperado que os resíduos continuem sendo parte da dinâmica setorial. Esta tese tem como objetivo principal identificar as contribuições do enfoque de ciclo de vida da ecologia industrial na economia do meio ambiente. Para entender e identificar os fatores positivos da incorporação do enfoque de ciclo de vida na economia do meio ambiente, e alcançar assim o objetivo aqui definido, serão aplicadas quatro técnicas de análise diferentes para obter o desempenho ambiental e econômico do setor de etanol derivado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Duas técnicas são da economia, isto é, enfoque insumo-produto e structral path, e duas da ecologia industrial, isto é ACV de processo e ACV híbrida. Cada técnica mostrará resultados de um estudo de caso sobre o setor de etanol derivado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, que representa o progresso tecnológico mediante o desenvolvimento de tecnologias limpas no setor de energia. Acredita-se que o enfoque de ciclo de vida traz uma nova visão de como analisar e visualizar as atividades econômicas, e assim alcançar os objetivos da macroeconomia ambiental e cumprir com os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável. Conclui-se que pelo contexto abrangente e multidisciplinar do enfoque de ciclo de vida, ele pode ser inserido nas análises de sustentabilidade, no âmbito da economia do ambiente, para avaliar, de maneira robusta e consistente, ações, iniciativas e políticas públicas que visem alcançar os objetivos da macroeconomia ambiental e sustentabilidade. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTSustainable development proposes fundamental changes in the way in which a society takes decisions. Therefore, in the process of assessing policies and actions towards sustainability, it is necessary methods and tools that quantify, compare and integrate, in a consistent way, economics and environmental impacts of economic activities to identify the key paths for attaining environmental quality and economic prosperity. There are two methods that are the most frenquently used in environmental analysis, the input-output and life cycle approach. The former is based on a macroeconomics context with a perspective of systems of liner flows of material, while the latter is focused on micro data into a macro context with a perspective of close system of materials flow, where residues are expected to continue in the market system. This thesis aims to identify the contributions of life cycle approach from industrial ecology into environmental economics. To understand and identify the positive aspects of life cycle approach into economics, it is applied four different analytical techniques to characterize, from different perspectives, the environmental and economic performace of bagasse-derived ethanol sector. Two analytical techniques from economics, input-output analysis and structural path analysis, and two from industrial ecology, life cycle assessment and hybrid life cycle assessment. The bagasse-derived ethanol sector represents the technological progress by developing cleaner technologies, and its function is to be an ancillary tool to identify the main features of each approach. It is believe that life cycle approach brings a new vision of how analyze and visualize economic activities, while are attained the macroeconomics objectives and fulfilled the principles of sustainable development. The wide and multidisciplinary context of life cycle approach make possible its incorporation into economics models to assess action, initiatives and public policies towards sustainability

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Estudos Artísticos

Há um compromisso entre o artista e a sociedade. Não é possível retirar a arte do seu contexto social. Neste projecto, em que se desafiam os criadores a pesquisar a obra de outros criadores, reúnem-se aqueles artigos que melhor demonstram a responsabilidade e a solidariedade entre os criadores e os seus pares sociais. São obras, artistas, projetos, plataformas de intervenção, projetos que enfatizam as relações sociais como suporte. Sob esta temática geral foram reunidos 25 artigos para este número 6 da Revista Croma, em linhas de exploração variadas e mantendo a elevada internacionalização da revista: mais de noventa por cento das publicações são exógenas à Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade de Lisboa ou do CIEBA, a sua unidade de investigação. Este é um indicador procurado e atingido de modo consistente em todos os exemplares publicados até hoje, e que se espera poder afirmar com continuidade. As diferentes perspetivas apresentadas nos variados artigos expõe a obra de autores que exploram dimensões relacionais ou perante as quais o espectador é convocado a deslocar o seu posicionamento, a desassossegar-se. A implicação surge como resultado da articulação expressiva dos recursos mais variados, em constante mistura, exibindo o modo como as dimensões materiais e ideais são fundadoras das diversas propostas. Nesta revista não há indiferença, há diferenças.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

La renovación de la palabra en el bicentenario de la Argentina : los colores de la mirada lingüística

El libro reúne trabajos en los que se exponen resultados de investigaciones presentadas por investigadores de Argentina, Chile, Brasil, España, Italia y Alemania en el XII Congreso de la Sociedad Argentina de Lingüística (SAL), Bicentenario: la renovación de la palabra, realizado en Mendoza, Argentina, entre el 6 y el 9 de abril de 2010. Las temáticas abordadas en los 167 capítulos muestran las grandes líneas de investigación que se desarrollan fundamentalmente en nuestro país, pero también en los otros países mencionados arriba, y señalan además las áreas que recién se inician, con poca tradición en nuestro país y que deberían fomentarse. Los trabajos aquí publicados se enmarcan dentro de las siguientes disciplinas y/o campos de investigación: Fonología, Sintaxis, Semántica y Pragmática, Lingüística Cognitiva, Análisis del Discurso, Psicolingüística, Adquisición de la Lengua, Sociolingüística y Dialectología, Didáctica de la lengua, Lingüística Aplicada, Lingüística Computacional, Historia de la Lengua y la Lingüística, Lenguas Aborígenes, Filosofía del Lenguaje, Lexicología y Terminología

Sustainability of the Biorefinery Industry for Fuel Production

Biofuels have been extensively explored and applied in the Brazilian market. In Brazil, ethanol and biodiesel are produced on an industrial scale. Ethanol is commercialized and used in engines in both the hydrated form (96% °GL) and the anhydrous form, mixed with gasoline at a proportion of up to 25% by volume. In turn, biodiesel is blended with diesel in a proportion of 5% by volume. Thus, the goal of the use of biofuels is to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases and other pollutants emitted into the atmosphere during burning. This article describes some recent developments in the characterization of the environmental and economic impacts of the production of these biofuels from different biomass sources. On this regard, this review presents results of life-cycle assessments (LCAs), life-cycle cost assessments (LCCAs) and Structural Path Analysis (SPA), this last one depicting a sectorial perspective rather than LCA process level data approaches. The results showed that the inclusion of biofuels in transportation activities can lead to the mitigation of the environmental impacts of certain activities, such as emissions of greenhouse gases. However, greater attention must be paid to the improvement of agricultural management to decrease fuel, fertilizer and herbicide consumption

. 37. Arqueología

Reciban nuevamente un cordial saludo del equipo de la revista Arqueología. En esta ocasión nuestros colaboradores han puesto en la mesa una serie de trabajos interesantes que dan cuenta de la variedad de temas y derroteros de la investigación arqueológica en México. Los trabajos, cada vez menos dependientes del manejo descriptivo de materiales arqueológicos, sobre todo los cerámicos, incursionan en aspectos bioculturales, innovaciones técnicas y, felizmente, en analogías etnográficas. Siguiendo el orden acostumbrado, la primera aportación es un trabajo pionero de Grave Tirado, el cual, como producto de las primeras investigaciones arqueológicas sistemáticas en la zona serrana del sur de Sinaloa, ofrece información novedosa sobre sitios y materiales hasta ahora no descritos, así como su ya acostumbrada interlocución con la información etnohistórica. La presencia de juegos de pelota, que ya había sido notada por otros investigadores de la sierra, la gráfica rupestre y los materiales, nos guía por esa —hasta ahora poco trabajada— “tradición serrana” que alguna vez intentó definir Beatriz Braniff. También del Occidente, pero de amplia temporalidad, tenemos la contribución ofrecida por Gómez Valdéz y sus asociados, donde se refuerza una visión integrativa-evolutiva de la población mesoamericana a través de un análisis estadístico y comparativo de la variabilidad de su morfología dental con otras poblaciones de la Mesoamérica nuclear. La conclusión a la que llegan es que el aislamiento genético de los periodos tempranos se convierte en una continuidad genética ya en las fases tardías. El siguiente trabajo, de VanDerwarker y Jaime-Riverón, está centrado en el análisis de los restos botánicos de los sitios formativos de La Joya y Bezoapan, en la zona de Los Tuxtlas, para establecer una cronología de los cambios en la proporción de productos agrícolas y de la silvicultura. Con base en el modelo de agricultura tropical de Killion y Peters, discuten también la relación de las prácticas de explotación del medio con las áreas de habitación. Aun cuando este artículo ya había sido publicado en inglés, consideramos que su inclusión en nuestra revista puede promover discusiones provechosas. En relación con el área maya, cuyos investigadores son siempre tan productivos, tenemos varias aportaciones. En la primera de ellas, y con datos de su participación en la investigación en el sitio de Chunchukmil, en Yucatán, Woynar construye una propuesta sobre organización y estructura espacial a través del análisis de las implicaciones sociales de las 666 vías de comunicación —tanto internas como externas—, y corresponde al Clásico el nivel más alto de cohesión y planificación. A su vez, Ortega Palma realiza un estudio bioantropológico comparativo sobre dos series de restos óseos procedentes, respectivamente, de la isla de Jaina para el Clásico tardío y de la ciudad de Campeche para la época colonial. El propósito del autor es comparar condiciones de salud y alimentación a partir de los agentes que influyeron en dichas variables en función de factores geográficos, sociales, económicos y culturales. A continuación presentamos un texto de corte técnico y orientado a la detección de sitios para ayudar en el trabajo de prospección en zonas de selva tropical —lo que queda de ellas —; así, la contribución de López García y Argote Espino, aboga por utilizar imagenes remotas de alta definición y sistemas de procesamiento digital para el reconocimiento de sitios con arquitectura monumental en áreas donde el desarrollo de selvas altas impide el uso de la foto aérea convencional. Asimismo, contamos también con varios artículos acerca del Altiplano. Nalda nos proporciona información de un horno prehispánico para quemar cal localizado en el sitio Hacienda de Calderón, Morelos. Después de presentar los datos de campo, el investigador establece una serie de parámetros de observación etnográfica que le permiten ampliar la discusión e interpretación del elemento arqueológico, cuya cronología establece como posterior al año 750 d.C. En la misma región, pero entrando de lleno en el Epliclásico, González Crespo y sus colaboradores presentan una amplia discusión sobre la cronología de Xochicalco, con base en una recapitulación de sus componentes arquitectónicos y asociándolos a las etapas constructivas del sitio en función de los sistemas constructivos, cerámica y fechas disponibles de C14. Su conclusión es que el sitio corresponde enteramente al Epiclásico. Seguimos con el Posclásico en Cholula y presentamos la propuesta interpretativa de Araceli Rojas sobre iconografía solar en la cerámica policroma tipo códice. Su análisis la lleva a ligar su uso al contexto ritual, pero también a su función simbólica de prestigio entre las elites mesoamericanas, sin excluir la posibilidad que se trate de vajilla de servicio. Finalmente, nos complace compartir con ustedes el trabajo que el joven equipo de Spores nos ofrece sobre el sitio de Yucundaa, Teposcolula, Oaxaca. Una rica exposición de datos, su discusión y propuestas sobre este asentamiento y sus transformaciones del Posclásico tardío a la Colonia. El diálogo constructivo entre fuente y arqueología permite acercarse al momento de transformación y resistencia que implica la Colonia temprana, desde la perspectiva del pueblo indígena y no sólo desde los elementos arquitectónicos coloniales religiosos. No menos interesantes resultarán nuestras otras secciones —noticias, reseñas, archivo técnico e In memoriam—, cuyos variados contenidos les invitamos a descubrir. No queda sino reiterar el llamado —la provocación— a demostrar nuestra productividad y calidad académica mediante la discusión pública de las propuestas, aportaciones y críticas emanadas de nuestro diario ejercicio profesional</p

Immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE database

Background: The aim of this study was to describe data on epidemiology, ventilatory management, and outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in immunocompromised patients. Methods: We performed a post hoc analysis on the cohort of immunocompromised patients enrolled in the Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE) study. The LUNG SAFE study was an international, prospective study including hypoxemic patients in 459 ICUs from 50 countries across 5 continents. Results: Of 2813 patients with ARDS, 584 (20.8%) were immunocompromised, 38.9% of whom had an unspecified cause. Pneumonia, nonpulmonary sepsis, and noncardiogenic shock were their most common risk factors for ARDS. Hospital mortality was higher in immunocompromised than in immunocompetent patients (52.4% vs 36.2%; p &lt; 0.0001), despite similar severity of ARDS. Decisions regarding limiting life-sustaining measures were significantly more frequent in immunocompromised patients (27.1% vs 18.6%; p &lt; 0.0001). Use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as first-line treatment was higher in immunocompromised patients (20.9% vs 15.9%; p = 0.0048), and immunodeficiency remained independently associated with the use of NIV after adjustment for confounders. Forty-eight percent of the patients treated with NIV were intubated, and their mortality was not different from that of the patients invasively ventilated ab initio. Conclusions: Immunosuppression is frequent in patients with ARDS, and infections are the main risk factors for ARDS in these immunocompromised patients. Their management differs from that of immunocompetent patients, particularly the greater use of NIV as first-line ventilation strategy. Compared with immunocompetent subjects, they have higher mortality regardless of ARDS severity as well as a higher frequency of limitation of life-sustaining measures. Nonetheless, nearly half of these patients survive to hospital discharge. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073. Registered on 12 December 2013