Effect of Calcium Deficiency on Growth and Leaf Acid Soluble Proteins of Tomato

The effects of temporary Ca (Ca) calcium deficiency lasting 2, 3, 4 or 5 d were investigated on tomato plants at the 6-leaf stage, grown hydroponically under controlled conditions. With 2, 3 or 4 d of Ca deficiency, the dry weight of the tomato leaves, shoots or roots was not different from control. A significant decrease in tomato growth, of up to 70%, appeared on the fifth day. Some visual symptoms were observed on the tomato leaves. The phenomenon concerned was an irreversible mechanism that led to plant death after 12 d, even when Ca was added to the root medium after 2, 3, 4 or 5 d. This is the first report of such a rapid and drastic effect of an essential macronutrient. Moreover, Ca content in leaves during root deprivation showed a decrease in all plants, related to a remobilization toward the apex. Ca could be considered as a partly mobile element: the observation of the youngest leaf limbs by transmission electronic microscopy after 4 d of treatment showed disorganized tissues in a necrotic zone, due to wall impairment related to C deficiency. During temporary Ca deficiency, acid soluble proteins were analyzed in leaves (SDS PAGE electrophoresis / Maldi-TOF). After 4 d of Ca deficiency, protein induction in young leaves was revealed. Three proteins were identified as pathogenesis related proteins (PR-1, PR-3, PR-7) and a threonine deaminase precursor was also found. It was also the first time that pathogenesis related (PR) protein appearance has been shown to be related to Ca deficiency. The PR proteins are generally elicited by pathogen attack. This phenomenon seems to be calcium dependent because other mineral stresses, such as potassium (K) deficiency or sodium (Na) excess, did not reveal acid soluble protein changes. The retranslocation of Ca to young tissue could entail eliciting effects via wall fragments leading to a plant response similar to the response to pathogen attac

Les avatars de l’inquisiteur ou la fonction de juge ecclésiastique à la fin du Moyen Âge

En matière de foi, les juges ne sont pas toujours ce que l’on croit et l’habit ne fait pas forcément l’inquisiteur. Un juge peut même en cacher un autre. Quand on parle d’inquisitio, ou inquisition, c’est d’abord pour évoquer une procédure d’enquête et d’enregistrement de témoignages . Dès la fin du xiie siècle, elle s’est imposée dans la justice ecclésiastique ; elle fut en premier lieu le fait des évêques, juges ordinaires, puis, à partir de 1231, de délégués extraordinaires de la papauté q..

Empirical Evidence on Inflation and Unemployment in the Long Run

We examine the relationship between inflation and unemployment in the long run, using quarterly US data from 1952 to 2010. Using a band-pass filter approach, we find strong evidence that a positive relationship exists, where inflation leads unemployment by some 3 to 3 1/2 years, in cycles that last from 8 to 25 or 50 years. Our statistical approach is atheoretical in nature, but provides evidence in accordance with the predictions of Friedman (1977) and the recent New Monetarist model of Berentsen, Menzio, and Wright (2011): the relationship between inflation and unemployment is positive in the long run

Extending the clinical spectrum of X-linked Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome (TOKAS):new insights from the fetal perspective

INTRODUCTION: Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome (TOKAS) is a recessive X-linked multiple congenital anomaly disorder caused by RLIM variations. Of the 41 patients reported, only 7 antenatal cases were described.METHOD: After the antenatal diagnosis of TOKAS by exome analysis in a family followed for over 35 years because of multiple congenital anomalies in five male fetuses, a call for collaboration was made, resulting in a cohort of 11 previously unpublished cases.RESULTS: We present a TOKAS antenatal cohort, describing 11 new cases in 6 French families. We report a high frequency of diaphragmatic hernia (9 of 11), differences in sex development (10 of 11) and various visceral malformations. We report some recurrent dysmorphic features, but also pontocerebellar hypoplasia, pre-auricular skin tags and olfactory bulb abnormalities previously unreported in the literature. Although no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has yet emerged, we show that a recurrent p.(Arg611Cys) variant accounts for 66% of fetal TOKAS cases. We also report two new likely pathogenic variants in RLIM, outside of the two previously known mutational hotspots.CONCLUSION: Overall, we present the first fetal cohort of TOKAS, describe the clinical features that made it a recognisable syndrome at fetopathological examination, and extend the phenotypical spectrum and the known genotype of this rare disorder.</p

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements