Os conceitos de minorias e massas na filosofia política de Ortega y Gasset

Pretende-se analisar os conceitos de “minorias” e “massas”, segundo a filosofia política de Ortega y Gasset, apresentados na obra “A Rebelião das Massas”. Tais conceitos guardam uma tipologia de duas espécies de homens, a saber: o “homem especial” e o “homem massa”. Para compreensão dessa tipologia, faz-se necessário investigar a filosofia política do autor e sua relação com as possíveis limitações da democracia como espaço de participação popular, uma vez que vários pensadores atribuem a Ortega y Gasset o título de “teórico das elites”. Sob o olhar conceitual que guarda o filósofo acerca de “minorias” e “massas”, pretende-se analisar a procedência ou não dessa crítica, mediante o estudo sistemático desses conceitos cardeais na obra “A Rebelião das Massas”

Associação de uréia e bactérias diazotróficas incrementam o crescimento no milho / Association of urea and diazotrophic bacteria increase growth in corn

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio e adubação nitrogenada em plantas de milho em experimento em vasos em área aberta da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Campus de Vitória da Conquista - BA. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com arranjo fatorial 4x4, constituído por dezesseis tratamentos e quatro repetições. O primeiro fator correspondeu às estirpes e o segundo fator, aos diferentes níveis de nitrogênio. Foi utilizada a variedade AL Bandeirante, e as estirpes utilizadas foram N11, J9, ZAE94 e o controle sem inoculação. A fonte de nitrogênio utilizada foi ureia nos níveis de 0, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1. As variáveis analisadas foram altura de plantas, diâmetro do colmo, massa seca da parte aérea e índice SPAD. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste Tukey a 5% de significância. Houve interação entre os fatores sendo que a estirpe J9 nativa de milho apresentou resultados superiores em todas as avaliações

Distribuição espacial de Pseudopiptadenia contorta (DC.) G.P. Lewis & M.P. Lima (Fabaceae/Mimosoideae) em uma Floresta Estacional Decidual em Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil

In order to use forest species either in restoration projects or for commercial purposes, obtaining information on the species biology, at both the individual and population levels, are of great importance. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of a population of Pseudopiptadenia contorta (DC.) G.P. Lewis & M.P. Lima in a Montane Deciduous Seasonal Forest, in the State University of Southwestern Bahia, Vitória da Conquista campus. Sampling consisted in 100 contiguous plots of 10 x 10 m. Spatial distribution pattern was evaluated through both dispersion and Morisita indexes. A total of 376 P. contorta individuals were found. Average density was 3.76 individuals per plot. The plots with the highest densities were numbers 4 and 13, with 21 and 16 individuals, respectively. Variance was 14.8 individuals per plot, with a standard deviation of 3.8. Most plots (59) had between one and five individuals. Only in five plots were there more than 10 individuals. The distribution pattern found was the aggregate one, through both dispersion and Morisita indexes. Soil chemical quality influenced the species spatial distribution pattern, areas with higher Sum of Bases and CEC at pH 7 having shown a higher number of individuals.  (Distribuição espacial de Pseudopiptadenia contorta (DC.) G.P. Lewis & M.P. Lima (Fabaceae) em uma Floresta Estacional Decidual em Vitória da Conquista – BA). Para o uso de espécies florestais em projetos, seja para recuperação, seja para fins comerciais, é de fundamental importância obter informações sobre a ecologia da espécie, tanto no âmbito do indivíduo, como em relação ao seu comportamento ao nível de população. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a padrão de distribuição espacial para uma população de Pseudopiptadenia contorta (DC.) G.P. Lewis & M.P. Lima em uma Floresta Estacional Decidual Montana, na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, campus de Vitória da Conquista. Para a amostragem foram utilizadas 100 parcelas contíguas de 10 m x 10 m. O padrão de distribuição espacial foi avaliado a partir dos índices de dispersão e de Morisita. Foram encontrados 376 indivíduos de P. contorta. A densidade média foi de 3,76 individuos por parcela. As parcelas que apresentaram as maiores densidades foram as de número 4 e 13, com 21 e 16 indivíduos, respectivamente. A variância encontrada foi de 14,8 indivíduos por parcela, com desvio padrão de 3,8. A maioria das parcelas (59) apresentou entre um e cinco indivíduos. Em apenas cinco parcelas ocorreram mais que 10 indivíduos. Tanto pelo índice de dispersão quanto pelo de Morisita o padrão de distribuição encontrado foi do tipo agregado. A qualidade química do solo influenciou no padrão de distribuição espacial da espécie, sendo que áreas com maiores valores de Soma das Bases e de CTC a pH 7 apresentaram maior número de indivíduos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July