The Field of Marriage: Cultural Capital and Women’s Submissiveness in the Light of Pierre Bourdieu

Since the dawn of history, women have always been subjected to and condemned by men’s will; their choices and power have been limited by men’s authority and domination in patriarchal societies due to their gender. This paper examines Elizabeth Gaskell’s Wives and Daughters and Parinoush Saniee’s The Book of Fate and demonstrates a reciprocal relationship between cultural capital and women’s subordination in the marriage field, the analysis of which will be based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts of field, capital, and habitus. Drawing on Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts as well as the contextual analysis of the selected novels, the findings of this paper indicate that women’s submissiveness, present in different patriarchal societies throughout history, is the outcome of men’s use of culture as a sort of capital to retain and reproduce their power and domination in all fields, even those related to women, including the field of marriage

Comparison of immunogenical potency of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/ 75/ER) antigens prepared by 3 different methods in conjunction with Alum-Naltrexone adjuvant in BALB/c mice

Objectives: To evaluate the immunization ability of three Leishmania major antigens including formaline killed promastigotes (FKP), autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) and soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA), they were used to immunize BALB/c mice in association with a mixture of alum and naltrexone (Alum-Nalt) as adjuvant.Methods: Each mouse from any of three groups received FKP, ALM or SLA antigens. Three additional groups were injected with same antigenes plus Alum-Nalt. One more group was injected with PBS to be the control group. Booster injections were given at 14th and 28th days. Two weeks after the last immunization, seven mice from each group were exposed to live promastigotes subcutaneously, and skin lesion formation among each mouse was monitored and recorded for 60 days. One week later, cellular and humoral immune responses of other immunized mice were evaluated by measuring the serum levels of anti-ALM-specific IgG1, IgG2a and total IgG antibodies, splenic anti-ALM-specific IFN-γ and IL-5 production and splenic lymphocyte proliferation after adding ALM.Results: In the challenge test, all mice immunized with ALM antigen and Alum-Nalt were prevented from formation of skin ulcer. Also, the mice from the same group showed higher IFN-γ production and splenic lymphocyte proliferation and higher anti-ALM-specific IgG2a production.Keywords: Leishmania major, Immunization, Alum, Naltrexone, Opioid-recepto

Comparison of Personality Traits and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Styles in Patients with and without Allergy with Healthy People

Background & Objectives: Allergy is one of the most common diseases that is rapidly increasing. Since this disease is a psychosomatic disease, to evaluate the factors affecting it, a combination of biological and psychological factors should be considered. The aim of this study was to compare the personality traits and emotion regulation styles in patients with and without allergy with healthy people. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the Allergy Clinic in Urmia city in 2017. In this study, 100 patients (50 patients with allergy, and 50 patients without allergy) and 50 healthy people were selected through matching with the patient group using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using Personality Trait Questionnaire (PTQ) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, and Levin and Scheffe test. Results: Neuroticism was more common in patients with and without allergy than those healthy people (P=0.001). Patients with allergy obtained lower scores of the extraversion trait and adaptive emotion regulation compared to the other two groups (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of agreeableness and openness to experience. Conclusion: It seems necessary to use psychological interventions in the training of emotion regulation skills and pay attention to the personality traits in these patients. Key¬words: Allergy, Cognitive emotion regulation styles, Personality traits, patients, Allergy clinic Citation: Arshadi S, Yousefi R, Ahmadi E, Shahabi S. Comparison of Personality Traits and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Styles in Patients with and without Allergy with Healthy People. Journal of Health Based Research 2018; 4(2): 169-79. [In Persian

Original Article Fractal Study on Nuclear Boundary of Cancer Cells in Urinary Smears

ABSTRACT Background & Objectives: Cancer is a serious problem for human being and is becomin

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

On Multimedia Repositories, Personal Computers, and Hierarchical Storage Systems

The past decade has witnessed a proliferation of personal computers at homes, businesses, classrooms, libraries, etc. Most often, these systems are used to disseminate information. Recently, multimedia repositories have added to the excitement of this information age by allowing a user to retrieve and manipulate continuous media data types (audio and video objects). The design and implementation of these systems is challenging due to both the large size of objects that constitute this media type and their continuous bandwidth requirement. Compression in combination with the availability of fast CPUs (for real-time decompression) provide effective support for a continuous display of those objects with a high bandwidth requirement. Hierarchical storage structures (consisting of RAM, disk and tertiary storage devices) provide a cost-effective solution for the large size of their repositories. The focus of this study is on personal computers (single user, single display) that employ fast C..

Continuous Display of Presentations Sharing Clips

Databases were introduced to remove redundancy from conventional file systems to encourage sharing of information. The same idea is extended in this study to support sharing for continuous media data types (i.e., video and audio). Sharing in conventional databases results in update anomalies when information is modified. With presentations (movies) sharing clips (sequence of frames), continuous display becomes challenging as well. To ensure a continuous display, a system should retrieve data at a pre-specified rate. Otherwise, a display might suffer from disruptions or delays, termed hiccups. To ensure a continuous display using a multi-disk hardware platform, a video object is striped into a number of subobjects. The system enforces a regular schedule on retrieval of each subobject by controlling the placement of the subobjects across the disks. Now if different presentations share subobjects, each presentation will enforce its own restrictions on the placement of the data. This migh..

Management of Virtual Replicas in Parallel Multimedia Information Systems

Multimedia information systems have emerged as an essential component of many application domains ranging from library information systems to entertainment technology. However, most implementations of these systems (based on a workstation) cannot support a continuous display of multimedia objects and suffer from frequent disruptions and delays termed hiccups. This is due to the low I/O bandwidth of the current disk technology, the high bandwidth requirement of multimedia objects, and the large size of these objects which requires them to be almost always disk resident. One approach to resolve this limitation is to decluster a multimedia object across multiple disk drives in order to employ the aggregate bandwidth of several disks to support its continuous retrieval (and display). To support simultaneous display of several multimedia objects for different users, the system can replicate data across multiple groups of disk drives in a virtual manner. This paper describes techniques to ma..