1,083 research outputs found
Assessing the Affordability of Nutrient-Adequate Diets
The cost and affordability of least-cost healthy diets by time and place are
increasingly used as a proxy for access to nutrient-adequate diets. Recent work
has focused on the nutrient requirements of individuals, although most food and
anti-poverty programs target whole households. This raises the question of how
the cost of a nutrient-adequate diet can be measured for an entire household.
This study identifies upper and lower bounds on the feasibility, cost, and
affordability of meeting all household members' nutrient requirements using
2013-2017 survey data from Malawi. Findings show only a minority of households
can afford the nutrient-adequate diet at either bound, with 20% of households
able to afford the (upper bound) shared diets and 38% the individualized (lower
bound) diets. Individualized diets are more frequently feasible with locally
available foods (90% vs. 60% of the time) and exhibit more moderate seasonal
fluctuation. To meet all members' needs, a shared diet requires a more
nutrient-dense combination of foods that is more costly and exhibits more
seasonality in diet cost than any one food group or the individualized diets.
The findings further help adjudicate the extent to which nutritional behavioral
change programs versus broader agricultural and food policies can be relied
upon to improve individual access to healthy diets.Comment: 33 pages, 4 figure
CloudFlex: A Flexible Parametric Model for the Small-Scale Structure of the Circumgalactic Medium
We present CloudFlex, a new open-source tool for predicting the
absorption-line signatures of cool gas in galaxy halos with complex small-scale
structure. Motivated by analyses of cool material in hydrodynamical simulations
of turbulent, multiphase media, we model individual cool gas structures as
assemblies of cloudlets with a power-law distribution of cloudlet mass and relative velocities drawn from a turbulent velocity
field. The user may specify , the lower limit of the cloudlet mass
distribution (), and several other parameters that set the
total mass, size, and velocity distribution of the complex. We then calculate
the MgII 2796 absorption profiles induced by the cloudlets along pencil-beam
lines of sight. We demonstrate that at fixed metallicity, the covering fraction
of sightlines with equivalent widths Ang increases
significantly with decreasing , cool cloudlet number density
(), and cloudlet complex size. We then present a first application,
using this framework to predict the projected distribution around
galaxies. We show that the observed incidences of
Ang sightlines within 10 kpc < < 50 kpc are consistent with our
model over much of parameter space. However, they are underpredicted by models
with and , in
keeping with a picture in which the inner cool circumgalactic medium (CGM) is
dominated by numerous low-mass cloudlets ()
with a volume filling factor . When used to simultaneously model
absorption-line datasets built from multi-sightline and/or spatially-extended
background probes, CloudFlex will enable detailed constraints on the size and
velocity distributions of structures comprising the photoionized CGM.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to AAS Journals, with minor
modifications. Comments welcome. (1) Co-first authors who made equal
contributions to this wor
Pharmacokinetics in neonatal prescribing: evidence base, paradigms and the future
Paediatric patients, particularly preterm neonates, present many pharmacological challenges. Due to the difficulty in conducting clinical trials in these populations dosing information is often extrapolated from adult populations. As the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs change throughout growth and development extrapolation presents risk of over or underestimating the doses required. Information about the development these processes, particularly drug metabolism pathways, is still limited with weight based dose adjustment presenting the best method of estimating pharmacokinetic changes due to growth and development. New innovations in pharmacokinetic research, such as population pharmacokinetic modelling, present unique opportunities to conduct clinical trials in these populations improving the safety and effectiveness of the drugs used. More research is required into this area to ensure the best outcomes for our most vulnerable patients
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Global health has a stake in the upcoming UN Food Systems Summit
Good health requires healthy and nutritious food. In their current state, food systems are not providing access to sufficient, affordable, healthy, and safe food for all people. Worse, recent years have seen an explosive proliferation and active marketing of foods increasingly associated with negative health outcomes.At the same time, food systems are contributing to further environmental degradation that undermines the future continuity of food production and its quality and threatens human health. Food systems urgently need to be transformed to provide equitable access to healthy diets, produced in sustainable and resilient ways; the continuation of current trends is nearly guaranteed to be disastrous for humanity. Preserving past achievements in health and addressing remaining inequities depend on this food system transformation
The Structure of the {\beta} Leonis Debris Disk
We combine nulling interferometry at 10 {\mu}m using the MMT and Keck
Telescopes with spectroscopy, imaging, and photometry from 3 to 100 {\mu}m
using Spitzer to study the debris disk around {\beta} Leo over a broad range of
spatial scales, corresponding to radii of 0.1 to ~100 AU. We have also measured
the close binary star o Leo with both Keck and MMT interferometers to verify
our procedures with these instruments. The {\beta} Leo debris system has a
complex structure: 1.) relatively little material within 1 AU; 2.) an inner
component with a color temperature of ~600 K, fitted by a dusty ring from about
2 to 3 AU; and 3.) a second component with a color temperature of ~120 K fitted
by a broad dusty emission zone extending from about ~5 AU to ~55 AU. Unlike
many other A-type stars with debris disks, {\beta} Leo lacks a dominant outer
belt near 100 AU.Comment: 14 page body, 3 page appendix, 15 figure
When the going gets tough: Employee reactions to large‐scale organizational change and the role of employee Machiavellianism
Large-scale, long-term change initiatives take time to unfold, which can be a source ofuncertainty and strain. Investigating the initial 19 months of a large-scale change, weargue that during these stages, employees' change-related beliefs become more negativeover time, which negatively affects their work engagement and, ultimately, increasestheir turnover intentions. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of a trait, Machiavel-lianism, on change reactions and propose that employees high in Machiavellianism reactmore negatively during change processes as they are especially susceptible to uncer-tainty and stress. We test our (cross-level) moderated mediation model in a three-wavelongitudinal study among employees undergoing a large-scale change (T1: n = 1,602; T2:n =1,113;T3:n = 759). We find that employees' beliefs about the impact and value ofthe change are indeed negatively related to change duration and that decreases in theseperceptions come with a decline in engagement and increases in turnover intentions.Moreover, employees high in Machiavellianism react more strongly to a deterioration inchange-related beliefs, showing stronger reductions in engagement and strongerincreases in turnover intentions than employees low in Machiavellianism. Our studyoffers explanations for the negative effects of large-scale changes including an explana-tory factor for disparate employee reactions to change over time
Measurement of χ c1 and χ c2 production with s√ = 7 TeV pp collisions at ATLAS
The prompt and non-prompt production cross-sections for the χ c1 and χ c2 charmonium states are measured in pp collisions at s√ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using 4.5 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. The χ c states are reconstructed through the radiative decay χ c → J/ψγ (with J/ψ → μ + μ −) where photons are reconstructed from γ → e + e − conversions. The production rate of the χ c2 state relative to the χ c1 state is measured for prompt and non-prompt χ c as a function of J/ψ transverse momentum. The prompt χ c cross-sections are combined with existing measurements of prompt J/ψ production to derive the fraction of prompt J/ψ produced in feed-down from χ c decays. The fractions of χ c1 and χ c2 produced in b-hadron decays are also measured
Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections for Higgs boson production in the diphoton decay channel at s√=8 TeV with ATLAS
Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections are presented for Higgs boson production in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=8 TeV. The analysis is performed in the H → γγ decay channel using 20.3 fb−1 of data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The signal is extracted using a fit to the diphoton invariant mass spectrum assuming that the width of the resonance is much smaller than the experimental resolution. The signal yields are corrected for the effects of detector inefficiency and resolution. The pp → H → γγ fiducial cross section is measured to be 43.2 ±9.4(stat.) − 2.9 + 3.2 (syst.) ±1.2(lumi)fb for a Higgs boson of mass 125.4GeV decaying to two isolated photons that have transverse momentum greater than 35% and 25% of the diphoton invariant mass and each with absolute pseudorapidity less than 2.37. Four additional fiducial cross sections and two cross-section limits are presented in phase space regions that test the theoretical modelling of different Higgs boson production mechanisms, or are sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model. Differential cross sections are also presented, as a function of variables related to the diphoton kinematics and the jet activity produced in the Higgs boson events. The observed spectra are statistically limited but broadly in line with the theoretical expectations
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