Nachgefragt: 28 Antworten zum Stand des Wissens rund um Öko-Landbau und Bio-Lebensmittel

„Ist Bio denn wirklich gesünder?“ – Dies ist nur eine der vielen Fragen, die immer wieder gestellt werden, wenn es um ökologischen Landbau und Bio-Lebensmittel geht. Und: Sie werden mit dem wachsenden Bio-Markt und der zunehmenden Beliebtheit seiner Produkte immer häufiger, immer kritischer und nach wie vor oftmals vorurteilsbeladen und polemisch gestellt. Dieser Argumentationsleitfaden will die Diskussion versachlichen. Auf dem Stand des Wissens stellt er die Vorzüglichkeit der ökologischen Lebensmittelwirtschaft sachlich, fundiert und übersichtlich dar und benennt ebenso Bereiche, bei denen noch Defizite und somit Handlungsbedarf bestehen. Damit werden Fragestellungen aufgegriffen, die in der gesellschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung um die biologische Lebensmittelwirtschaft immer wieder zu Diskussionen und Auseinandersetzungen führen. Die ersten drei Auflagen des Argumentationsleitfadens erfreuten sich größter Beliebtheit, und unsere Erwartung, mit ihm mehrere Zielgruppen anzusprechen, wurde voll erfüllt: Auszubildende auf Höfen und in Fachhandelsgeschäften, Mitarbeiter in Bio-Unternehmen, Lehrer, Verbandsvertreter, Politiker und Journalisten waren die Abnehmer der über 15.000 Exemplare, die bislang vertrieben wurden. In Händen halten Sie jetzt die vierte, vollständig neu bearbeitete Auflage. Alle Kapitel wurden aktualisiert, d.h. sie nehmen Bezug auf die aktuelle Rechtslage und die neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse. Einige Artikel wurden vollständig überarbeitet. Neue Fragen haben wir aufgegriffen, wie die nach der Klimawirkung, der Ökobilanz von Bio-Produkten oder dem Anbau von Energiepflanzen auf Bio-Betrieben. Die 28 Fragen zu den Themenfeldern Grundlagen, Erzeugung, Verarbeitung, Vermarktung, Qualität, Umweltwirkungen sowie ökologische Lebensmittelwirtschaft und Gesellschaft werden so beantwortet, dass die wichtigsten Gesichtspunkte zu der jeweiligen Frage „auf einen Blick“ in einer logischen Argumentationskette zur Verfügung stehen. In einem Vorspann ist die Quintessenz zusammengefasst. Quellenverweise ermöglichen es, einzelne Sachverhalte zu vertiefen. Unser großer Dank geht an die Autoren, die mit ihrem Expertenwissen für die hohe Qualität des Leitfadens stehen, an den wissenschaftlichen Beirat, der sich auch bei der Neuauflage engagiert für die Perfektionierung des Vorhabens einsetzte, an die Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (BLE) und das Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV), die das Projekt finanzierten, und an Joyce Moewius und Stephanie Gutbrod, die das Projekt unermüdlich vorantrieben und zu dem werden ließen, was Sie nun in Händen halten

Resilience of benthic deep-sea fauna to mining activities

With increasing demand for mineral resources, extraction of polymetallic sulphides at hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts at seamounts, and polymetallic nodules on abyssal plains may be imminent. Here, we shortly introduce ecosystem characteristics of mining areas, report on recent mining developments, and identify potential stress and disturbances created by mining. We analyze species' potential resistance to future mining and perform meta-analyses on population density and diversity recovery after disturbances most similar to mining: volcanic eruptions at vents, fisheries on seamounts, and experiments that mimic nodule mining on abyssal plains. We report wide variation in recovery rates among taxa, size, and mobility of fauna. While densities and diversities of some taxa can recover to or even exceed pre-disturbance levels, community composition remains affected after decades. The loss of hard substrata or alteration of substrata composition may cause substantial community shifts that persist over geological timescales at mined sites. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) under the MIDAS project; FCT [IF/00029/2014/CP1230/CT0002, SFRH/ BPD/110278/2015]; Spanish RTD project NUREIEV [CTM2013-44598-R]; Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [SGR 1068]; Generalitat de Catalunya autonomous government; European Union Horizon research and innovation programme [689518]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [UID/MAR/04292/2013]; German Ministry of Research (BMBF) [03F0707A-G]; Program Investigador FCT [IF/01194/2013/CP1199/CT0002]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature

The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature was agreed at an international symposium convened in Amsterdam on 19–20 April 2011 under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The purpose of the symposium was to address the issue of whether or how the current system of naming pleomorphic fungi should be maintained or changed now that molecular data are routinely available. The issue is urgent as mycologists currently follow different practices, and no consensus was achieved by a Special Committee appointed in 2005 by the International Botanical Congress to advise on the problem. The Declaration recognizes the need for an orderly transitition to a single-name nomenclatural system for all fungi, and to provide mechanisms to protect names that otherwise then become endangered. That is, meaning that priority should be given to the first described name, except where that is a younger name in general use when the first author to select a name of a pleomorphic monophyletic genus is to be followed, and suggests controversial cases are referred to a body, such as the ICTF, which will report to the Committee for Fungi. If appropriate, the ICTF could be mandated to promote the implementation of the Declaration. In addition, but not forming part of the Declaration, are reports of discussions held during the symposium on the governance of the nomenclature of fungi, and the naming of fungi known only from an environmental nucleic acid sequence in particular. Possible amendments to the Draft BioCode (2011) to allow for the needs of mycologists are suggested for further consideration, and a possible example of how a fungus only known from the environment might be described is presented

Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science

Why a chapter on Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science in this book? SOLAS science by its nature deals with interactions that occur: across a wide spectrum of time and space scales, involve gases and particles, between the ocean and the atmosphere, across many disciplines including chemistry, biology, optics, physics, mathematics, computing, socio-economics and consequently interactions between many different scientists and across scientific generations. This chapter provides a guide through the remarkable diversity of cross-cutting approaches and tools in the gigantic puzzle of the SOLAS realm. Here we overview the existing prime components of atmospheric and oceanic observing systems, with the acquisition of ocean–atmosphere observables either from in situ or from satellites, the rich hierarchy of models to test our knowledge of Earth System functioning, and the tremendous efforts accomplished over the last decade within the COST Action 735 and SOLAS Integration project frameworks to understand, as best we can, the current physical and biogeochemical state of the atmosphere and ocean commons. A few SOLAS integrative studies illustrate the full meaning of interactions, paving the way for even tighter connections between thematic fields. Ultimately, SOLAS research will also develop with an enhanced consideration of societal demand while preserving fundamental research coherency. The exchange of energy, gases and particles across the air-sea interface is controlled by a variety of biological, chemical and physical processes that operate across broad spatial and temporal scales. These processes influence the composition, biogeochemical and chemical properties of both the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers and ultimately shape the Earth system response to climate and environmental change, as detailed in the previous four chapters. In this cross-cutting chapter we present some of the SOLAS achievements over the last decade in terms of integration, upscaling observational information from process-oriented studies and expeditionary research with key tools such as remote sensing and modelling. Here we do not pretend to encompass the entire legacy of SOLAS efforts but rather offer a selective view of some of the major integrative SOLAS studies that combined available pieces of the immense jigsaw puzzle. These include, for instance, COST efforts to build up global climatologies of SOLAS relevant parameters such as dimethyl sulphide, interconnection between volcanic ash and ecosystem response in the eastern subarctic North Pacific, optimal strategy to derive basin-scale CO2 uptake with good precision, or significant reduction of the uncertainties in sea-salt aerosol source functions. Predicting the future trajectory of Earth’s climate and habitability is the main task ahead. Some possible routes for the SOLAS scientific community to reach this overarching goal conclude the chapter

Primary lung tumour visualised by transthoracic echocardiography

We present images of a rare case where a primary lung tumour was visualised by transthoracic echocardiography. The patient was a 78-year-old male where Chest X-ray had revealed a tumour-suspected structure in the left lung. Both transthoracic echocardiography and combined PET/CT images showed a large tumour located close to the heart. Fine-needle biopsy showed non-small cell lung cancer

Primary lung tumour visualised by transthoracic echocardiography

Abstract We present images of a rare case where a primary lung tumour was visualised by transthoracic echocardiography. The patient was a 78-year-old male where Chest X-ray had revealed a tumour-suspected structure in the left lung. Both transthoracic echocardiography and combined PET/CT images showed a large tumour located close to the heart. Fine-needle biopsy showed non-small cell lung cancer.</p