Cerebellar Zones: A Personal History

Cerebellar zones were there, of course, before anyone noticed them. Their history is that of young people, unhindered by preconceived ideas, who followed up their observations with available or new techniques. In the 1960s of the last century, the circumstances were fortunate because three groups, in Leiden, Lund, and Bristol, using different approaches, stumbled on the same zonal pattern in the cerebellum of the cat. In Leiden, the Häggqvist myelin stain divulged the compartments in the cerebellar white matter that channel the afferent and efferent connections of the zones. In Lund, the spino-olivocerebellar pathways activated from individual spinal funiculi revealed the zonal pattern. In Bristol, charting the axon reflex of olivocerebellar climbing fibers on the surface of the cerebellum resulted in a very similar zonal map. The history of the zones is one of accidents and purposeful pursuit. The technicians, librarians, animal caretakers, students, secretaries, and medical illustrators who made it possible remain unnamed, but their contributions certainly should be acknowledged

Data Descriptor : A European Multi Lake Survey dataset of environmental variables, phytoplankton pigments and cyanotoxins

Under ongoing climate change and increasing anthropogenic activity, which continuously challenge ecosystem resilience, an in-depth understanding of ecological processes is urgently needed. Lakes, as providers of numerous ecosystem services, face multiple stressors that threaten their functioning. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a persistent problem resulting from nutrient pollution and climate-change induced stressors, like poor transparency, increased water temperature and enhanced stratification. Consistency in data collection and analysis methods is necessary to achieve fully comparable datasets and for statistical validity, avoiding issues linked to disparate data sources. The European Multi Lake Survey (EMLS) in summer 2015 was an initiative among scientists from 27 countries to collect and analyse lake physical, chemical and biological variables in a fully standardized manner. This database includes in-situ lake variables along with nutrient, pigment and cyanotoxin data of 369 lakes in Europe, which were centrally analysed in dedicated laboratories. Publishing the EMLS methods and dataset might inspire similar initiatives to study across large geographic areas that will contribute to better understanding lake responses in a changing environment.Peer reviewe

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer

To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L−1), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long-term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4°C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient-rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature

Ungdomars arbetsmiljö och skolans arbetsmiljöarbete Erfarenheter från forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt

Pupils Work Environment and Activities Concerning Work Environment at School. Results from Research- and Development Projects The Swedish Work Environment Act includes the pupil the same way as it includes the employees. The Internal Control provides a responsibility for employers to annually ensure and certify that the activities concerning health and safety are performed in accordance with requirements specified in The Work Environment Act. "School Environment 2000" is a model, based on completion of a questionnaire for internal control. The purpose with the study is partly to analyse the need for a model for work environment at schools and partly to compare three empirical models for work environment with references to "School Environment 2000". Employees reported organizational and psychosocial problems, stress and tiredness, and lack of work environment knowledge. A conclusion with a health prevention purpose is: it's important that all concerned at school learn how to identify, handle and evaluate work environment problems. An important knowledge for young people when entering the labour market. Key words: Internal control, work organization, model, work environment act, school, health, well-being, pupil, adolescence, participation, evaluation, development.Utgångspunkten för rapporten är "Skolmiljö 2000", en modell för samverkan som tar fasta på internkontrollföreskriften vilken ingår i arbetsmiljölagen, samt skolans läroplaner. Syftet är dels att redovisa behovet av en arbetsmodell för arbetsmiljöarbete i skolan, dels jämföra utvecklingen av tre sådana. Faktorer som kan antas påverka arbetsmiljöarbetet i skolan redovisas utifrån samhälls-, organisations-, grupp/individnivå. Resultatet av intervjuer respektive enkäter visar på bristande kunskap om arbetsmiljöarbetets organisation, stödfunktioner och ansvarsfördelning. Upplevda belastningar samt effekter på hälsan redovisas t ex stress och trötthet. Behov av ökade kunskaper om arbetsmiljö följt av ett intensifierat, gemensamt arbetsmiljöarbete i skolan bedöms som stora. Resultatet diskuteras bl a utifrån ett interaktionistiskt synsätt som betonar person-miljö-interaktion utifrån en helhetssyn på individ och arbetsmiljö