Biomass Production of Selected Energy Plants: Economic Analysis and Logistic Strategies

The objective of this article is the conducting of an analysis of the production of selected energy plants that are already a basic source of agrobiomass in Poland. The analysis looks at environmental aspects and production conditions for biomass designated for energy for the Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita), common osier (Salix viminalis), silver-grass (Miscanthus x giganteus), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). What is presented is an economic analysis of the production of selected energy plants, taking into account the costs of establishing plantations and their cost effectiveness. Moreover, logistic strategies for the delivery of biomass intended to secure continuous production of renewable energy as a part of sustainable development is signaled.Celem nieniejszego artykułu było przeprowadzenie analizy produkcji wybranych roślin energetycznych, które w Polsce są już podstawowym źródłem agrobiomasy. W treści analiza zawierała aspekty środowiskowe i uwarunkowania produkcji biomasy na cele energetyczne dla ślazowca pensylwańskiego (Sida hermaphrodita), wierzby wiciowej z rodzaju Salix,i miskanta olbrzymiego (Miscanthus x giganteus) i prosa rózgowatego (Panicum virgatum). Przedstawiono analizę ekonomiczną produkcji wybranych roślin energetycznych z uwzględnieniem kosztów plantacji i ich opłacalności oraz zasygnalizowano strategie logistyczne dla dostaw biomasy w celu zabezpieczenia stałej produkcji energii odnawialnej w zrównoważonym rozwoju

Application of Phytoremediation in Restoring Sustainable Development to the Environment: Economic and Soil Conditions

The quality of soils as found in the Voivodeship of Łódź was analyzed from the point of view of potential application of the phytoremediation method, taking into account subdivision by heavy metals found in the soils as well as their origins and properties. Grades of soil purity are presented and border values of heavy metal content were identified.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie priorytetowych zagadnień i powiązań, dotyczących ekonomicznych i glebowych uwarunkowań zastosowania technologii fitoremediacji w przywracaniu zrównoważonego rozwoju środowiska. Analizie poddano zasadność stosowania fitoremediacji w przywracaniu zrównoważonego środowiska jako metody alternatywnej do kosztownej rekultywacji terenów w celu usuwania zanieczyszczeń, które jest niewykonalne do przeprowadzenia na dużych areałach. Wykazano opłacalność stosowania fitoremediacji w odzyskiwaniu pierwiastków śladowych z gleby w procesie phytominingu. Przeanalizowano jakość gleb występujących w województwie łódzkim w aspekcie potencjalnego zastosowania metody fitoremediacji z uwzględnieniem podziału metali ciężkich zawartych w glebach uwzględniający ich pochodzenie oraz właściwości. Przedstawiono klasy czystości gleb i wyznaczone w nich graniczne zawartości metali ciężkich

Sustainable Energy Crop Production in Poland: Perspectives

In the context of achieving the targets of the energy economy, Poland’s demand for bioenergy is stimulated by several factors, including the biomass potential of agricultural cultivation. The objective of this article is to indicate perspectives for the sustainable production of energy crops in Poland through the production of total biomass as the main renewable source of energy utilized in the countries of Europe and supported by Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources, currently in force. The most important reasons for promoting the production of plant biomass for energy purposes is the desire to work against climate change and reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses. This article indicates the significant role of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in biofuels and their production. Note is also taken of agro- climatic and soil conditions for the production of biomass in Poland as well as the economic aspects using the Agricultural Production Space Valuation Ratio (APSVR).Zapotrzebowanie w Polsce na bioenergię w kontekście realizacji celów gospodarki energetycznej jest stymulowane przez szereg czynników, w tym potencjał biomasy pochodzący z upraw rolniczych. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na perspektywę zrównoważonej produkcji roślin energetycznych w Polsce poprzez produkcję całkowitej biomasy jako głównego odnawialnego źródła energii wykorzystywanego w krajach Europy, a wspieranego przez obecnie obowiązującą Dyrektywę Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2009/28/WE z dnia 23 kwietnia 2009 r. w sprawie promowania stosowania energii ze źródeł odnawialnych (OŹE). Najistotniejszymi powodami promowania produkcji biomasy roślinnej na cele energetyczne jest chęć przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatycznym i redukcja emisji gazów cieplarnianych. W artykule wskazano na znaczną rolę analizy LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) dla biopaliw i ich produkcji. Zwrócono uwagę na warunki agroklimatyczne i glebowe uwarunkowania produkcji biomasy w Polsce oraz ekonomiczny aspekt jakim jest wskaźnik waloryzacji rolniczej przestrzeni produkcyjnej (WWRPP)

Use of Sewage Sludge in the Production of Plant Biomass for Energy: Biological and Economic Conditions

The goal of this article is a presentation of the legal, biological, and economic conditions of energy production using biomass, especially taking into account the application of sewage sludge certified for natural use in agriculture. Any increase in the production of biomass necessitates the introduction of cheap and highly-efficient plant production technologies that are environmentally- friendly. Use of certified sewage sludge can increase the economic efficiency of energy crops and have a beneficial impact on the environment.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie prawnych, biologicznych i ekonomicznych uwarunkowań produkcji energii z biomasy roślinnej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zastosowania osadów ściekowych mających certyfikat przyrodniczego wykorzystania w rolnictwie. Zwiększenie produkcji biomasy wymaga wprowadzenia tanich i wysokowydajnych technologii produkcji roślin przyjaznych środowisku. Zastosowanie certyfikowanych osadów ściekowych zwiększa efektywność ekonomiczną upraw energetycznych i korzystnie wpływa na środowisko

Maximal Efficiency of PSII as a Marker of Sorghum Development Fertilized With Waste From a Biomass Biodigestion to Methane

The aim of experiments was to investigate a maximal efficiency of PSII, as a marker indicating growth, vigor, energetic value and physiological activity of sorghum fertilized with wastes from a biomass biodigestion to methane in a distillery integrated with a biogas plant using corn grains as substrate. The sorghum plants grown outdoor in different climate and in pots and in field were fertilized with different doses of the waste or Apol-humus – a soil improver and Stymjod – a nano-organic-mineral fertilizer. The maximal efficiency of PSII, in comparison with plant growth and health, chlorophyll content, gas exchange, activity of selected enzymes, element content in leaves and energetic value were studied. The wastes applied to soil resulted in increased maximal efficiency of PSII and the doses of 30 m3 ha-1 and 40–50 m3 ha-1 of the non-centrifuged and centrifuged ones, respectively, were most efficient. This enhancement was associated with the increased kinetics of plant growth, their health, fresh and dry biomass and physiological activity of plants as evidenced by activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, RNase and dehydrogenase, as well as by gas exchange: net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and index of chlorophyll content in leaves. The fertilization with Apol-humus and Stymjod additionally increased maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII and plant development, biomass yield and physiological activity. The results indicate that waste from a biomass biodigestion to methane can be used as a natural fertilizer in sorghum crops and this ensures their recycling and environmental protection. The measurement values of maximal efficiency of PSII were proportionally to the vigor, growth and physiological activity of the plants. The obtained results indicate that the maximal efficiency of PSII in sorghum plants is a non-destructive method for defining the degree of growth and may be used as a marker of plant vigor and health, development and physiological activity expressed by gas exchange and activity of selected enzymes

Effectiveness of pulsed radio frequency in seed quality improvement of vegetable plant species

The biggest problem, in ecological vegetable seed production, is low germination mostly caused by high seed infection with fungi and a shortage of effective biological agents eliminating pathogens. Therefore, pro-ecological methods of seed quality enhancement are being searched, increasing the profitability of seed production by improving the seed sowing value. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of pulsed radio frequency (PRF) on seed quality of selected vegetable cultivars. The obtained results from conducted research in laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions indicate a protective effect of PRF treatment by reduction of beetroot, lettuce and garden dill seed-borne fungi, and the improvement of their health status and seed germination. Pre-sowing application of PRF resulted in 60-80% reduction of seed infestation with fungi, depending on the plant species. This treatment improved the dynamics of seed germination, plant emergence, growth, and increased chlorophyll content and gas exchange in leaves. The most beneficial results were obtained in beetroot, in which the problem of seed production is associated with high seed infestation with mycoflora and the presence of germination inhibitors in the seed coat. The results indicate the high efficiency of the applied PRF and its usefulness in ecological and integrated seed production.Plant science

X-ray emission from the Sombrero galaxy: discrete sources

We present a study of discrete X-ray sources in and around the bulge-dominated, massive Sa galaxy, Sombrero (M104), based on new and archival Chandra observations with a total exposure of ~200 ks. With a detection limit of L_X = 1E37 erg/s and a field of view covering a galactocentric radius of ~30 kpc (11.5 arcminute), 383 sources are detected. Cross-correlation with Spitler et al.'s catalogue of Sombrero globular clusters (GCs) identified from HST/ACS observations reveals 41 X-rays sources in GCs, presumably low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). We quantify the differential luminosity functions (LFs) for both the detected GC and field LMXBs, whose power-low indices (~1.1 for the GC-LF and ~1.6 for field-LF) are consistent with previous studies for elliptical galaxies. With precise sky positions of the GCs without a detected X-ray source, we further quantify, through a fluctuation analysis, the GC LF at fainter luminosities down to 1E35 erg/s. The derived index rules out a faint-end slope flatter than 1.1 at a 2 sigma significance, contrary to recent findings in several elliptical galaxies and the bulge of M31. On the other hand, the 2-6 keV unresolved emission places a tight constraint on the field LF, implying a flattened index of ~1.0 below 1E37 erg/s. We also detect 101 sources in the halo of Sombrero. The presence of these sources cannot be interpreted as galactic LMXBs whose spatial distribution empirically follows the starlight. Their number is also higher than the expected number of cosmic AGNs (52+/-11 [1 sigma]) whose surface density is constrained by deep X-ray surveys. We suggest that either the cosmic X-ray background is unusually high in the direction of Sombrero, or a distinct population of X-ray sources is present in the halo of Sombrero.Comment: 11 figures, 5 tables, ApJ in pres

Search for New Physics with Jets and Missing Transverse Momentum in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

A search for new physics is presented based on an event signature of at least three jets accompanied by large missing transverse momentum, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns collected in proton--proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. No excess of events is observed above the expected standard model backgrounds, which are all estimated from the data. Exclusion limits are presented for the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model. Cross section limits are also presented using simplified models with new particles decaying to an undetected particle and one or two jets

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F-V/F-M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge fromdifferent Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.Kalaji, H.; Schansker, G.; Brestic, M.; Bussotti, F.; Calatayud, A.; Ferroni, L.; Goltsev, V.... (2017). Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. 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