Geomorphological Study for the Management of Coastal Space: Case of the Estuary of the River Purio, Republic of Panama

Se analizan las unidades geomorfológicas y las geoformas de la zona marino-costera de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Purio (República de Panamá), con el objetivo de analizar las evidencias que permitan discriminar las características geomorfológicas de la franja litoral y de la costa. Para ello se ha dispuesto de los procedimientos de realce de bandas y eliminación de ruidos aplicados sobre la imagen Rapid Eyes (2012), en ambiente SPRING, y del uso de los productos derivados del geoprocesamiento de la imagen SRTM – DTED (2011) (Digital Terrain Elevation Data), en ambiente ArcMap (curvas de nivel, datos hipsométricos y pendientes), además de la verificación de campo. Los resultados de las interpolaciones en SIG y el trabajo de campo indican que los cordones litorales constituidos por flechas, paleo-flechas, dunas frontales y bancos de arenas, y la planicie fluvio-marina, colonizada por Rhizophora mangle, forman parte de las unidades geomorfológicas litorales que se internan decenas de metros sobre la costa. No obstante, se sustenta la necesidad de reconocer las especies bio-indicadoras para fundamentar la dinámica de la geobiocenosis en cada una de las unidades geomorfológicas y geoformas que integran la zona marino-costera.In this paper the geomorphological units and geoforms of the coastal marine area of the Purio river basin (Republic of Panama) are analyzed, with the purpose of analyzing the evidences that allow to discriminate the geomorphological characteristics of the littoral strip, and the coast. For this purpose, the procedures of band enhancement and noise elimination have been applied to the Rapid Eyes image (2012), in the SPRING environment, and the use of the products derived from the geoprocessing of the SRTM - DTED (2011) image (DigitalTerrain Elevation Data), in ArcMap environment (contours, hypsometric and slope data), in addition to field verification. The results of interpolations in GIS and field work indicate that the littoral cords consisting of arrows, paleo-arrows, frontal dunes and sand banks, and the fluvial-marine plain (colonized by Rhizophora mangle) are part of the littoral geomorphological units, and go in tens of meters on the coast. However, the need to recognize the bio-indicator species to support the dynamics of geobiocenosis in each of the geomorphological units and geoforms that make up the marine-coastal zone is identified

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DAS PAISAGENS DA FAIXA MARINHA COSTEIRA DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO PURIO, REPÚBLICA DO PANAMÁ

Na atualidade o zoneamento ecológico – econômico evolui como a principal metodologia de ordenamento do espaço geográfico. Nesta perspectiva, o alvo dos trabalhos realizados é garantir o desenvolvimento sustentável dos territórios fornecendo informação confiável para a elaboração de propostas de gestão ambiental administrativa e por instrumentos. Baseado nos princípios da teoria geoecológica e apoiados nas ferramentas dos sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG) para a análise espacial e geoprocessamento de imagens, a pesquisa reconhece e delimita o geossistema da paisagem marinho-costeira, composta por três geofácies na zona de costa e três na zona do litoral, numa área que abrange 6666.81 ha

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Estudio Geomorfológico para la Ordenación del Espacio Litoral: Caso del Estuario del Río Purio, República de Panamá

In this paper the geomorphological units and geoforms of the coastal marine area of the Purio river basin (Republic of Panama) are analyzed, with the purpose of analyzing the evidences that allow to discriminate the geomorphological characteristics of the littoral strip, and the coast. For this purpose, the procedures of band enhancement and noise elimination have been applied to the Rapid Eyes image (2012), in the SPRING environment, and the use of the products derived from the geoprocessing of the SRTM - DTED (2011) image (DigitalTerrain Elevation Data), in ArcMap environment (contours, hypsometric and slope data), in addition to field verification. The results of interpolations in GIS and field work indicate that the littoral cords consisting of arrows, paleo-arrows, frontal dunes and sand banks, and the fluvial-marine plain (colonized by Rhizophora mangle) are part of the littoral geomorphological units, and go in tens of meters on the coast. However, the need to recognize the bio-indicator species to support the dynamics of geobiocenosis in each of the geomorphological units and geoforms that make up the marine-coastal zone is identified.Se analizan las unidades geomorfol&oacute;gicas y las geoformas de la zona marino-costera de la cuenca hidrogr&aacute;fica del r&iacute;o Purio (Rep&uacute;blica de Panam&aacute;), con el objetivo de analizar las evidencias que permitan discriminar las caracter&iacute;sticas geomorfol&oacute;gicas de la franja litoral y de la costa. Para ello se ha dispuesto de los procedimientos de realce de bandas y eliminaci&oacute;n de ruidos aplicados sobre la imagen Rapid Eyes (2012), en ambiente SPRING, y del uso de los productos derivados del geoprocesamiento de la imagen SRTM &ndash; DTED (2011) (Digital Terrain Elevation Data), en ambiente ArcMap (curvas de nivel, datos hipsom&eacute;tricos y pendientes), adem&aacute;s de la verificaci&oacute;n de campo. Los resultados de las interpolaciones en SIG y el trabajo de campo indican que los cordones litorales constituidos por flechas, paleo-flechas, dunas frontales y bancos de arenas, y la planicie fluvio-marina, colonizada por Rhizophora mangle, forman parte de las unidades geomorfol&oacute;gicas litorales que se internan decenas de metros sobre la costa. No obstante, se sustenta la necesidad de reconocer las especies bio-indicadoras para fundamentar la din&aacute;mica de la geobiocenosis en cada una de las unidades geomorfol&oacute;gicas y geoformas que integran la zona marino-costera

TX - Taller de Tesis - AR304 - 202100

Descripción: En este curso se desarrollará el pre anteproyecto arquitectónico basado en un tema específico seleccionado en los cursos de Investigación y Lineamientos para el proyecto profesional. En la primera etapa se establecen los criterios básicos de diseño de un pre anteproyecto arquitectónico sustentado a partir de las condiciones: conceptuales, programáticas y de usuario, aspectos medio ambientales, urbano y paisajistas. En la segunda etapa se desarrolla un anteproyecto arquitectónico incluyendo además los criterios de las especialidades de estructuras, instalaciones eléctricas y sanitarias, y sistemas de evacuación. Propósito: El curso tiene como propósito la aprobación del anteproyecto con el cual el estudiante puede iniciar su Proyecto 1de Titulación Profesional. Busca contribuir al desarrollo de las competencias generales: Comunicación Escrita, Comunicación Oral, Pensamiento Crítico, Razonamiento Cuantitativo, Manejo de la Información, Ciudadanía, Pensamiento Innovador y en las competencias específicas de la carrera: Pensamiento Crítico y Representación, Desarrollo de prácticas, habilidades técnicas y conocimiento, Soluciones arquitectónicas integrada y Práctica profesional, todas en el nivel 3. Tiene como requisitos AR248 Gestión Inmobiliaria y HU61 inglés 5 y AR271 Lineamientos para el Proyecto Profesional y AR272 Seminario de Urbanismo y AR250 TIX - Taller de Ejercicio Profesional y aprobación por el director de la Carrera

TIV - Arquitectura y Funcionalidad - AR308 - 202101

Descripción: El curso TIV - Arquitectura y funcionalidad, familiariza al estudiante con los requerimientos de la función arquitectónica. Si bien en todos los talleres el requerimiento funcional debe estar presente, pues es inherente a la arquitectura, este taller se concentra en esta tarea, enfatizando el correcto funcionamiento de sus espacios. El estudiante afronta una edificación nueva de escala menor, en la que deban existir diversos accesos y circulaciones: Pública, semi-pública, privada y de servicio. Esta red de circulaciones debe quedar adecuadamente resuelta. Los ambientes principales a los que dan acceso estas circulaciones, están destinados a funciones debidamente definidas. Los requerimientos de ventilación e iluminación (asoleamiento) también deben haber sido analizados y resueltos. A partir de un programa presentado por los docentes, el estudiante aprende a analizar los sectores del proyecto y los configuran en paquetes funcionales. Además, determina las necesidades de ubicación que existe entre ellos y establece el carácter y la expresión que considera debe tener el proyecto en su aspecto exterior. En este taller se suelen hacer diseños de proyectos de vivienda de mediana densidad, mercados y proyectos de tipología de servicio comunal (centros culturales, estaciones de bomberos, mediatecas, pequeños museos y bibliotecas). Propósito: El TIV- arquitectura y funcionalidad ha sido diseñado con el propósito de permitir al futuro arquitecto desarrollar sus competencias de diseño funcional, a través de la aplicación de esquemas organizacionales, funcionales, sistemas ordenadores y la resolución de un proyecto arquitectónico. El curso contribuye a desarrollar la competencia general: Ciudadanía en el nivel A1, y la competencia específica: Diseño fundamentado (que corresponde a los criterios NAAB1: PC2, PC5, SC5) en el nivel A1. Este curso tiene como requisito previo haber aprobado el Taller AR307 TIII - Arquitectura y entorno

TIV - Arquitectura y Funcionalidad - AR308 - 202102

Descripción: El curso TIV - Arquitectura y funcionalidad, familiariza al estudiante con los requerimientos de la función arquitectónica. Si bien en todos los talleres el requerimiento funcional debe estar presente, pues es inherente a la arquitectura, este taller se concentra en esta tarea, enfatizando el correcto funcionamiento de sus espacios. El estudiante afronta una edificación nueva de escala menor, en la que deban existir diversos accesos y circulaciones: Pública, semi-pública, privada y de servicio. Esta red de circulaciones debe quedar adecuadamente resuelta. Los ambientes principales a los que dan acceso estas circulaciones, están destinados a funciones debidamente definidas. Los requerimientos de ventilación e iluminación (asoleamiento) también deben haber sido analizados y resueltos. A partir de un programa presentado por los docentes, el estudiante aprende a analizar los sectores del proyecto y los configuran en paquetes funcionales. Además, determina las necesidades de ubicación que existe entre ellos y establece el carácter y la expresión que considera debe tener el proyecto en su aspecto exterior. En este taller se suelen hacer diseños de proyectos de vivienda de mediana densidad, mercados y proyectos de tipología de servicio comunal (centros culturales, estaciones de bomberos, mediatecas, pequeños museos y bibliotecas). Propósito: El TIV- arquitectura y funcionalidad ha sido diseñado con el propósito de permitir al futuro arquitecto desarrollar sus competencias de diseño funcional, a través de la aplicación de esquemas organizacionales, funcionales, sistemas ordenadores y la resolución de un proyecto arquitectónico. El curso contribuye a desarrollar la competencia específica: Diseño fundamentado (que corresponde a los criterios NAAB1: PC2, PC5 y SC5) en el nivel A1. Este curso tiene como requisito previo haber aprobado el Taller AR307 TIII - Arquitectura y entorno