Crescimento de eucalipto sob efeito de desfolhamento artificial

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do desfolhamento total, realizado após o plantio e ao longo do primeiro ano de cultivo, sobre o crescimento de Eucalyptus grandis, desde a implantação até ao corte do povoamento. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos: sem desfolhamento; um desfolhamento aos 56 dias após o plantio (DAP); dois desfolhamentos, aos 56 e 143 DAP; dois desfolhamentos, aos 56 e 267 DAP; e três desfolhamentos, aos 56, 143 e 278 DAP. Foram mensurados os diâmetros do tronco a 1,3 m e a altura total de 60 árvores por tratamento, em oito avaliações, do 21º ao 92º mês de cultivo. O crescimento médio em cada tratamento foi descrito por modelos de regressão não lineares e comparados por testes de identidade para comparar as tendências entre a testemunha e os demais tratamentos. O desfolhamento causou reduções significativas nas taxas de crescimento em diâmetro e altura das plantas, e diminuição expressiva no faturamento ao final da rotação, mesmo quando realizado uma única vez, no início do plantio. Maiores danos, no entanto, foram verificados após consecutivos desfolhamentos ao longo do primeiro ano de cultivo. A manutenção de áreas que tenham sofrido desfolhamento total na fase inicial de plantio pode tornar-se uma medida economicamente inviável.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of total defoliation at planting initial stages, and along the first year of cultivation, on Eucalyptus grandis growth, from planting to plantation cut. Five treatments were tested: without defoliation; one defoliation, at 56th day after planting (DAP); two defoliations, at 56th and 143th DAP; two defoliations, at 56th and 267th DAP; and three defoliations, at 56th, 143th and 278th DAP. Trunk diameter at 1.30-m height and the total height of 60 trees were measured from the 21st to the 92th cultivation months. The average growth of each treatment was described by nonlinear models and compared by identity tests in order to estimate the tendencies between control and the other treatments in each variable. Defoliation significantly reduces diameter of the trunk and height growth rates, and expressively decreases the income at the plantation cut. However, greater losses were verified after consecutive defoliation, along the first cultivation year. Maintaining areas that suffered severe defoliations at initial planting stages can become economically unfeasible

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Cuando las ciudades borran las minorías : el método atlas en la lectura de las nuevas ciudades de Erechim (RS), Itaipú (PR) y Ciudad Occidental (GO)

Seriam as cidades novas capazes de apagarem as minorias populacionais preexistentes em seus territórios? A destituição das terras dos povos autóctones brasileiros, visando ao progresso no processo de colonização, urbanização e desenvolvimento do país, teve forte impacto na configuração da trajetória histórica de populações indígena, quilombola, cabocla, mineira etc. Este artigo tem a finalidade de, por aproximação, apreender três estudos de caso, baseados em reportagens, livros e trabalhos acadêmicos, onde a busca pelo progresso de uma cidade ou região contribuiu para a precarização de vidas, famílias e culturas originárias do Brasil. Faremos tal percurso a partir de um método próprio: o dispositivo-atlas, o qual nos permitiu unir exemplares tão díspares, que mesmo interligados por um elemento comum – serem cidades novas – não despertavam a priori qualquer investida de estudos comparativos. Colocadas em tela, lado a lado, as histórias fundacionais de Erechim (RS, 1918), Itaipu (PR, 1966) e Cidade Ocidental (GO, 1975) revelam os ataquessofridos por povosindígenas e quilombolas, omitidos pelos relatos oficiais.Would the new cities be capable of erasing the preexisting population minorities in their territories? The destitution of the lands of Brazilian indigenous peoples, aiming at progress in the process of colonization, urbanization and development of the country, had a strong impact on the configuration of the historical trajectory of indigenous, quilombola, cabocla, miners populations. This article aims to, by approximation, apprehend three case studies, based on reports, books and academic works, where the search for the progress of a city or region contributed to the precariousness of lives, families and cultures originating in Brazil. We will follow this path based on our own method: the atlas-device, which allowed us to unite such disparate examples, that even interconnected by a common element – being new cities – they did not a priori arouse any onslaught of comparative studies. Placed on canvas, side by side, the foundational histories of Erechim (RS, 1918), Itaipu (PR, 1966) and Cidade Ocidental (GO, 1975) reveal the attacks suffered by indigenous peoples and quilombolas, omitted by official accounts.¿Serán las nuevas ciudades capaces de borrar las minorías poblacionales preexistentes en sus territorios? La destitución de las tierras de los pueblos indígenas brasileños, con el objetivo de avanzar en el proceso de colonización, urbanización y desarrollo del país, tuvo un fuerte impacto en la configuración de la trayectoria histórica de las poblaciones indígena, quilombola, cabocla, minero, etc. Este artículo tiene como objetivo, por aproximación, aprehender tres estudios de caso, a partir de informes, libros y trabajos académicos, donde la búsqueda por el progreso de una ciudad o región contribuyó a la precariedad de vidas, familias y culturas originarias de Brasil. Seguiremos este camino a partir de nuestro propio método: el atlas-dispositivo, que nos permitió unir ejemplos tan dispares, que aun interconectados por un elemento común -ser nuevas ciudades- no suscitaron a priori ninguna avalancha de estudios comparados. Colocadas sobre lienzo, una al lado de la otra, las historias fundacionales de Erechim (RS, 1918), Itaipú (PR, 1966) y Cidade Ocidental (GO, 1975) revelan los ataques sufridos por los pueblos indígenas y quilombolas, omitidos por los informes oficiales.Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo (FAU)Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanism

Lumbosacral epidurography with different volumes of iohexol in cats

Objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar a migração cranial de diferentes doses de iohexol, administradas pela via epidural lombossacra, analisando possíveis efeitos sobre algumas variáveis fisiológicas, em felinos. Foram utilizados 10 felinos sem raça definida, cinco machos e cinco fêmeasnão prenhes, clinicamente sadios, com 1±0,5 anos de idade e pesando 2,2±3,1kg. Os animais foram sedados com xilazina (1 mg/kg IM) e, 15 min. após, foi administrado o iohexol na dose de 0,22 mL/kg (G1) e de 0,3 mL/ kg (G2), pela via epidural. Foram analisados: a migração cranial do meio de contraste, a ataxia produzida, a frequência cardíaca (FC), a duração da onda P, o intervalo P-R, o complexo QRS, o intervalo Q-T, a frequência respiratória (f) e a temperatura corpórea (TºC). No G1 o meio de contraste migrou em média até a vértebra L2 (10,2±1,7cm), valores menores que os obtidos no G2 (L1 e 12,1±2,9cm). Não houve variação estatisticamente significativa em FC, duração da onda P, intervalo P-R, duração do complexo QRS, intervalo Q-T e f. A TºC diminuiu significativamente no G1 a partir do T40, sendo inferior à do G2 no T60. Concluiu-se que a dose de 0,3 mL/kg é potencialmente a mais indicada para o bloqueio anestésico dos pedículos ovarianos de felinos, quando empregando anestésicos locais, e que o iohexol não altera os parâmetros fisiológicos.The objective of this work determinate the cranial migration of different levels of iohexol, administrated by the lumbosacral epidural anesthesia, analyzing the possible effects under some physiological variables, in felines. It was used 10 felines with no defined breed, five males and five females no pregnant and healthy, with 1± 0,5 years old and weighting 2,2± 3,1 kg. The animals were sedated with xylazine (1 mg/kg IM) and 15 minutes after, it was administrated iohexol in the dose of 0,22 mL/kg (G1) and of 0,3 mL/kg (G2), by the epidural anesthesia. Were analyzed: the cranial migration of the contrast, the consequent ataxia, the cardiac frequency (CF), the P wave duration, the P-R gap, the QRS complex, the Q-T gap, the respiratory frequency (f), the body temperature (ºC). In the G1 the contrast did a migration until the L2 vertebra (10,2±1,7 cm), lower values than the obtained in the G2 (L1 and 12,1±2,9 cm). There was no significant statistical variation for FC, the P wave duration, the P-R gap, the QRS complex duration, the Q-T gap and f. The T°C decreased significantly in the G1 from the T40, and less than the G2 at T60. It can be concluded that the dose of 0,3mL/kg is potentially the most indicated to promote the anesthetic block of the ovarian pedicles inthe felines, when using local anesthetics, and the iohexol do not modify the physiological parameters

Estudo comparativo da resistência ao desgaste abrasivo do revestimento de três ligas metálicas utilizadas na indústria, aplicadas por soldagem com arames tubulares Comparative study of the wear resistance of three metal cored wire welded coatings used in industry

As ligas metálicas aplicadas por soldagem em superfícies, objetivando a proteção contra o desgaste e o conseqüente aumento da vida útil de peças e equipamentos, têm sido utilizadas em larga escala nas indústrias de bens de consumo e nos setores de mineração e sucroalcooleiro. O desgaste abrasivo em peças e equipamentos representa, nestas industriais, um dos principais fatores de depreciação de capital e uma importante fonte de despesas com manutenção. Para a aplicação do revestimento por soldagem, os arames tubulares têm sido uma alternativa cada vez mais viável, devido à sua alta produtividade e qualidade de solda, substituindo, em parte, o uso do eletrodo revestido. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer um estudo comparativo da resistência ao desgaste abrasivo do revestimento aplicado por soldagem com arames tubulares autoprotegidos de três ligas metálicas utilizadas na indústria, uma do tipo Fe-Cr-C, outra do tipo Fe-Cr-C com adição de nióbio e boro e a terceira, do tipo Fe-Cr-C com adição de nióbio. Os revestimentos anti-desgaste, conhecidos como revestimento duro, foram aplicados em chapas de aço carbono, com os mesmos parâmetros e procedimentos de soldagem. Os corpos de prova foram obtidos por corte e retificação e foram submetidos a ensaios de desgaste abrasivo, em um abrasômero Roda de Borracha, conforme procedimento estabelecido pela norma ASTM G65-91. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a liga Fe-Cr-C com adição de Nióbio e Boro apresentou desempenho superior em relação ao desgaste abrasivo.<br>The metal alloys deposited by welding on the components surface, with the objective of protection against wear and the consequent increase in the lifetime of parts and equipments, have been used extensively in the consumer products industry and sectors of Mining and Sugar & alcohol. The abrasive wear on parts and equipments represents one of the main depreciation factors of capital and the major source of expenditure on maintenance in industries. For the application of the coating by welding, cored wire have been a viable alternative, because of its high productivity and high weld quality, replacing in part, the use of the stick electrode. The objective of this work is to make a comparative study of the abrasive wear resistant coating deposited by welding with selfshielded cored wires of three metal alloys used in industry, first the Fe-Cr-C alloy, the second the Fe-Cr-C alloy with niobium and boron addition, and the third the Fe-Cr-C with niobium addition. The wear resistant coatings, known as hardfacing were deposited on carbon steel plates, with the same parameters and procedures of welding. The samples were obtained by cutting and grinding and were subjected to abrasive wear tests, in a Rubber Wheel apparatus, according to procedure established by ASTM G65-91. The results showed that the Fe-Cr-C alloy with Niobium and Boron addition presented superiority in terms of wear resistence

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data