Estimation of erosion reduction carried out by agrosilvopasture system and its economic contribution

A erosão do solo gera grandes prejuízos para o meio ambiente e para a sociedade, devido à perda de áreas agricultáveis e à conseqüente degradação dos recursos hídricos. Em vista desse panorama, a Agência Nacional de Águas desenvolveu o Programa do Produtor de Água. Com base na metodologia proposta por esse Programa, fez-se uma estimativa do potencial de abatimento de erosão para a atividade agrossilvipastoril na unidade agroflorestal da Companhia Mineira de Metais, em Paracatu -MG. Além disso, analisou-se a contribuição econômica das receitas geradas pela compensação monetária prevista no referido Programa, verificando que o sistema agrossilvipastoril permitiu um abatimento da erosão correspondente a 78,52%. Esse serviço ambiental, por sua vez, poderia propiciar à empresa uma receita adicional de R$100,00.ha 1.ano-1. A análise da viabilidade econômica apontou um aumento de 27,7$ 100,00.ha-1.year-1. The economic viability analysis pointed to an increase of 27.7% for NPV and EAV and of 7.0% for IRR of agrosilvopasture system, assuming the implementation of "Water Provider Program"

HEIGHT-DIAMETER EQUATIONS FOR BRAZIL NUT INTERCROPPED WITH RUBBER TREE IN THE SOUTH OF MINAS GERAIS

AbstractBrazil nut is a worldwide-recognized species due to its nuts, traded around the globe playing an important social and economic role in the Amazon. Several studies published information on issues related to nuts production and effects of seed gathering in the species regeneration. Nonetheless, to our knowledge there are no studies focusing on dendrometric parameters for Brazil nut outside its natural occurrence area. Thus, our study aimed to adjust height-diameter equations for Brazil nut intercropped with rubber tree in the South of Minas Gerais. Four standard models were tested using an ordinary least squares-regression analysis. The goodness-of-fit criteria used were the adjusted coefficient of determination ( 2), the percent standard error of estimate (SEE%) and the residual distribution analysis. The best-fit equation for the estimation of height was from model 1 ( 2 = 0.950;SEE% = 9.768). The adjusted height-diameter equations had comparable 2 and SEE%to other published studies on Brazil nut trees and further species. The adjusted height-diameter equation provided by this study can give support to future forest mensuration and management researches with this species, especially in the South-Central region of Brazil.Keywords: Bertholletia excelsa; height; Amazon. ResumoEquações hipsométricas para castanheira-da-amazônia cultivada em consórcio com seringueira no sul de Minas Gerais. A castanheira-da-amazônia é uma espécie reconhecida mundialmente por sua castanha, que é comercializada no mundo todo e tem um papel social e econômico importante na Amazônia. Diversos estudos publicaram informações sobre questões relacionadas com a produção das castanhas e os efeitos da coleta das mesmas sobre a regeneração dessa espécie. No entanto, até onde vai o nosso conhecimento, não existem estudos que avaliaram parâmetros dendrométricos da castanheira-da-amazônia fora da sua área de ocorrência natural. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo ajustar equações hipsométricas para castanheira-da-amazônia em consórcio com a seringueira no sul de Minas Gerais. Quatro modelos foram testados usando análise de regressão pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. Os critérios usados para a avaliação do ajuste foram o coeficiente de determinação ajustado ( ), o erro padrão da estimativa (Syx%) e a análise gráfica dos resíduos. A equação de melhor ajuste para a estimativa da altura foi o modelo 1 ( 2 = 0,950; Syx% = 9,768). As equações hipsométricas ajustadas tiveram 2 e Syx% comparáveis a outros estudos publicados para castanheiras-da-amazônia e outras espécies nativas. A equação hipsométrica ajustada neste estudo pode dar suporte para futuras pesquisas de mensuração e manejo florestal dessa espécie, especialmente na região Centro-Sul do Brasil.Palavras-chave: Bertholletia excelsa; altura; Amazônia.AbstractBrazil nut is a worldwide-recognized species due to its nuts, traded around the globe playing an important social and economic role in the Amazon. Several studies published information on issues related to nuts production and effects of seed gathering in the species regeneration. Nonetheless, to our knowledge there are no studies focusing on dendrometric parameters for Brazil nut outside its natural occurrence area. Thus, our study aimed to adjust height-diameter equations for Brazil nut intercropped with rubber tree in the South of Minas Gerais. Four standard models were tested using an ordinary least squares-regression analysis. The goodness-of-fit criteria used were the adjusted coefficient of determination ( 2), the percent standard error of estimate (SEE%) and the residual distribution analysis. The best-fit equation for the estimation of height was from model 1 ( 2 = 0.950;SEE% = 9.768). The adjusted height-diameter equations had comparable 2 and SEE%to other published studies on Brazil nut trees and further species. The adjusted height-diameter equation provided by this study can give support to future forest mensuration and management researches with this species, especially in the South-Central region of Brazil.Keywords: Bertholletia excelsa; height; Amazon. ResumoEquações hipsométricas para castanheira-da-amazônia cultivada em consórcio com seringueira no sul de Minas Gerais. A castanheira-da-amazônia é uma espécie reconhecida mundialmente por sua castanha, que é comercializada no mundo todo e tem um papel social e econômico importante na Amazônia. Diversos estudos publicaram informações sobre questões relacionadas com a produção das castanhas e os efeitos da coleta das mesmas sobre a regeneração dessa espécie. No entanto, até onde vai o nosso conhecimento, não existem estudos que avaliaram parâmetros dendrométricos da castanheira-da-amazônia fora da sua área de ocorrência natural. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo ajustar equações hipsométricas para castanheira-da-amazônia em consórcio com a seringueira no sul de Minas Gerais. Quatro modelos foram testados usando análise de regressão pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. Os critérios usados para a avaliação do ajuste foram o coeficiente de determinação ajustado ( ), o erro padrão da estimativa (Syx%) e a análise gráfica dos resíduos. A equação de melhor ajuste para a estimativa da altura foi o modelo 1 ( 2 = 0,950; Syx% = 9,768). As equações hipsométricas ajustadas tiveram 2 e Syx% comparáveis a outros estudos publicados para castanheiras-da-amazônia e outras espécies nativas. A equação hipsométrica ajustada neste estudo pode dar suporte para futuras pesquisas de mensuração e manejo florestal dessa espécie, especialmente na região Centro-Sul do Brasil.Palavras-chave: Bertholletia excelsa; altura; Amazônia

Sensibilização Ambiental Acerca da Redução do Uso de Sacolas Plásticas no Supermercado Escola, Viçosa, MG

A atual sociedade insere-se numa economia do descarte, em que os produtos apresentam baixa durabilidade, destacando- se as sacolas plásticas. Tais sacolas têm alta praticidade, entretanto, trazem vários problemas ambientais como: poluição visual, entupimento de bueiros, malefícios à fauna marinha etc. O projeto intitulado Sacola Legal, desenvolvido no Supermercado Escola, localizado no Campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa em Viçosa, MG, teve início em 2008, onde fez-se um diagnóstico quanto ao consumo de sacolas plásticas. Em 2009, o projeto trabalhou a sensibilização ambiental, com os funcionários e clientes, visando à racionalização do uso das sacolas plásticas, além de propor medidas alternativas à utilização das mesmas. Dentre as ações realizadas até o momento destacam-se: observação do comportamento dos embaladores e consumidores junto aos caixas do Supermercado Escola; controle no estoque para verifi cação do consumo de sacolas; aplicação de entrevistas aos clientes e funcionários; e formação de comissão. Com a análise das entrevistas pôde-se perceber que 97% dos clientes e 97% dos funcionários acreditam que as sacolas plásticas causam problemas ambientais, dentre outros. Conclui-se através dos resultados obtidos que é necessário trabalhar a Educação Ambiental com os clientes e funcionários

Describing complex interactions of social-ecological systems for tipping point assessments: an analytical framework

Humans play an interconnecting role in social-ecological systems (SES), they are part of these systems and act as agents of their destruction and regulation. This study aims to provide an analytical framework, which combines the concept of SES with the concept of tipping dynamics. As a result, we propose an analytical framework describing relevant dynamics and feedbacks within SES based on two matrixes: the “tipping matrix” and the “cross-impact matrix.” We take the Southwestern Amazon as an example for tropical regions at large and apply the proposed analytical framework to identify key underlying sub-systems within the study region: the soil ecosystem, the household livelihood system, the regional social system, and the regional climate system, which are interconnected through a network of feedbacks. We consider these sub-systems as tipping elements (TE), which when put under stress, can cross a tipping point (TP), resulting in a qualitative and potentially irreversible change of the respective TE. By systematically assessing linkages and feedbacks within and between TEs, our proposed analytical framework can provide an entry point for empirically assessing tipping point dynamics such as “tipping cascades,” which means that the crossing of a TP in one TE may force the tipping of another TE. Policy implications: The proposed joint description of the structure and dynamics within and across SES in respect to characteristics of tipping point dynamics promotes a better understanding of human-nature interactions and critical linkages within regional SES that may be used for effectively informing and directing empirical tipping point assessments, monitoring or intervention purposes. Thereby, the framework can inform policy-making for enhancing the resilience of regional SES

Describing complex interactions of social-ecological systems for tipping point assessments: an analytical framework

Humans play an interconnecting role in social-ecological systems (SES), they are part of these systems and act as agents of their destruction and regulation. This study aims to provide an analytical framework, which combines the concept of SES with the concept of tipping dynamics. As a result, we propose an analytical framework describing relevant dynamics and feedbacks within SES based on two matrixes: the “tipping matrix” and the “cross-impact matrix.” We take the Southwestern Amazon as an example for tropical regions at large and apply the proposed analytical framework to identify key underlying sub-systems within the study region: the soil ecosystem, the household livelihood system, the regional social system, and the regional climate system, which are interconnected through a network of feedbacks. We consider these sub-systems as tipping elements (TE), which when put under stress, can cross a tipping point (TP), resulting in a qualitative and potentially irreversible change of the respective TE. By systematically assessing linkages and feedbacks within and between TEs, our proposed analytical framework can provide an entry point for empirically assessing tipping point dynamics such as “tipping cascades,” which means that the crossing of a TP in one TE may force the tipping of another TE. Policy implications: The proposed joint description of the structure and dynamics within and across SES in respect to characteristics of tipping point dynamics promotes a better understanding of human-nature interactions and critical linkages within regional SES that may be used for effectively informing and directing empirical tipping point assessments, monitoring or intervention purposes. Thereby, the framework can inform policy-making for enhancing the resilience of regional SES

Describing complex interactions of social-ecological systems for tipping point assessments: an analytical framework

Humans play an interconnecting role in social-ecological systems (SES), they are part of these systems and act as agents of their destruction and regulation. This study aims to provide an analytical framework, which combines the concept of SES with the concept of tipping dynamics. As a result, we propose an analytical framework describing relevant dynamics and feedbacks within SES based on two matrixes: the “tipping matrix” and the “cross-impact matrix.” We take the Southwestern Amazon as an example for tropical regions at large and apply the proposed analytical framework to identify key underlying sub-systems within the study region: the soil ecosystem, the household livelihood system, the regional social system, and the regional climate system, which are interconnected through a network of feedbacks. We consider these sub-systems as tipping elements (TE), which when put under stress, can cross a tipping point (TP), resulting in a qualitative and potentially irreversible change of the respective TE. By systematically assessing linkages and feedbacks within and between TEs, our proposed analytical framework can provide an entry point for empirically assessing tipping point dynamics such as “tipping cascades,” which means that the crossing of a TP in one TE may force the tipping of another TE. Policy implications: The proposed joint description of the structure and dynamics within and across SES in respect to characteristics of tipping point dynamics promotes a better understanding of human-nature interactions and critical linkages within regional SES that may be used for effectively informing and directing empirical tipping point assessments, monitoring or intervention purposes. Thereby, the framework can inform policy-making for enhancing the resilience of regional SES

Basin-wide variation in tree hydraulic safety margins predicts the carbon balance of Amazon forests

ests face increasing climate risk, yet our ability to predict their response to climate change is limited by poor understanding of their resistance to water stress. Although xylem embolism resistance thresholds (for example, Ψ50) and hydraulic safety margins (for example, HSM50) are important predictors of drought-induced mortality risk, little is known about how these vary across Earth’s largest tropical forest. Here, we present a pan-Amazon, fully standardized hydraulic traits dataset and use it to assess regional variation in drought sensitivity and hydraulic trait ability to predict species distributions and long-term forest biomass accumulation. Parameters Ψ50 and HSM50 vary markedly across the Amazon and are related to average long-term rainfall characteristics. Both Ψ50 and HSM50 influence the biogeographical distribution of Amazon tree species. However, HSM50 was the only significant predictor of observed decadal-scale changes in forest biomass. Old-growth forests with wide HSM50 are gaining more biomass than are low HSM50 forests. We propose that this may be associated with a growth–mortality trade-off whereby trees in forests consisting of fast-growing species take greater hydraulic risks and face greater mortality risk. Moreover, in regions of more pronounced climatic change, we find evidence that forests are losing biomass, suggesting that species in these regions may be operating beyond their hydraulic limits. Continued climate change is likely to further reduce HSM50 in the Amazon, with strong implications for the Amazon carbon sink

Basin-wide variation in tree hydraulic safety margins predicts the carbon balance of Amazon forests

Funding: Data collection was largely funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) project TREMOR (NE/N004655/1) to D.G., E.G. and O.P., with further funds from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001) to J.V.T. and a University of Leeds Climate Research Bursary Fund to J.V.T. D.G., E.G. and O.P. acknowledge further support from a NERC-funded consortium award (ARBOLES, NE/S011811/1). This paper is an outcome of J.V.T.’s doctoral thesis, which was sponsored by CAPES (GDE 99999.001293/2015-00). J.V.T. was previously supported by the NERC-funded ARBOLES project (NE/S011811/1) and is supported at present by the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet (grant no. 2019-03758 to R.M.). E.G., O.P. and D.G. acknowledge support from NERC-funded BIORED grant (NE/N012542/1). O.P. acknowledges support from an ERC Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. R.S.O. was supported by a CNPq productivity scholarship, the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP-Microsoft 11/52072-0) and the US Department of Energy, project GoAmazon (FAPESP 2013/50531-2). M.M. acknowledges support from MINECO FUN2FUN (CGL2013-46808-R) and DRESS (CGL2017-89149-C2-1-R). C.S.-M., F.B.V. and P.R.L.B. were financed by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001). C.S.-M. received a scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 140353/2017-8) and CAPES (science without borders 88881.135316/2016-01). Y.M. acknowledges the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and ERC Advanced Investigator Grant (GEM-TRAITS, 321131) for supporting the Global Ecosystems Monitoring (GEM) network (gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk), within which some of the field sites (KEN, TAM and ALP) are nested. The authors thank Brazil–USA Collaborative Research GoAmazon DOE-FAPESP-FAPEAM (FAPESP 2013/50533-5 to L.A.) and National Science Foundation (award DEB-1753973 to L. Alves). They thank Serrapilheira Serra-1709-18983 (to M.H.) and CNPq-PELD/POPA-441443/2016-8 (to L.G.) (P.I. Albertina Lima). They thank all the colleagues and grants mentioned elsewhere [8,36] that established, identified and measured the Amazon forest plots in the RAINFOR network analysed here. The authors particularly thank J. Lyod, S. Almeida, F. Brown, B. Vicenti, N. Silva and L. Alves. This work is an outcome approved Research Project no. 19 from ForestPlots.net, a collaborative initiative developed at the University of Leeds that unites researchers and the monitoring of their permanent plots from the world’s tropical forests [61]. The authros thank A. Levesley, K. Melgaço Ladvocat and G. Pickavance for ForestPlots.net management. They thank Y. Wang and J. Baker, respectively, for their help with the map and with the climatic data. The authors acknowledge the invaluable help of M. Brum for kindly providing the comparison of vulnerability curves based on PAD and on PLC shown in this manuscript. They thank J. Martinez-Vilalta for his comments on an early version of this manuscript. The authors also thank V. Hilares and the Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Integral (AIDER, Puerto Maldonado, Peru); V. Saldaña and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) for local field campaign support in Peru; E. Chavez and Noel Kempff Natural History Museum for local field campaign support in Bolivia; ICMBio, INPA/NAPPA/LBA COOMFLONA (Cooperativa mista da Flona Tapajós) and T. I. Bragança-Marituba for the research support.Tropical forests face increasing climate risk1,2, yet our ability to predict their response to climate change is limited by poor understanding of their resistance to water stress. Although xylem embolism resistance thresholds (for example, Ψ50) and hydraulic safety margins (for example, HSM50) are important predictors of drought-induced mortality risk3-5, little is known about how these vary across Earth's largest tropical forest. Here, we present a pan-Amazon, fully standardized hydraulic traits dataset and use it to assess regional variation in drought sensitivity and hydraulic trait ability to predict species distributions and long-term forest biomass accumulation. Parameters Ψ50 and HSM50 vary markedly across the Amazon and are related to average long-term rainfall characteristics. Both Ψ50 and HSM50 influence the biogeographical distribution of Amazon tree species. However, HSM50 was the only significant predictor of observed decadal-scale changes in forest biomass. Old-growth forests with wide HSM50 are gaining more biomass than are low HSM50 forests. We propose that this may be associated with a growth-mortality trade-off whereby trees in forests consisting of fast-growing species take greater hydraulic risks and face greater mortality risk. Moreover, in regions of more pronounced climatic change, we find evidence that forests are losing biomass, suggesting that species in these regions may be operating beyond their hydraulic limits. Continued climate change is likely to further reduce HSM50 in the Amazon6,7, with strong implications for the Amazon carbon sink.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio