ANÁLISIS DE LA PREVALENCIA DE FACTORES DE RIESGO CARDIOVASCULAR EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS

As doenças cardiovasculares representam um número alto e crescente de morbimortalidade mundial decorrente do estilo de vida.  Objetivou-se identificar a prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares entre os universitários de uma faculdade do interior de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa, de delineamento transversal realizada com universitários da Faculdade Cidade de Coromandel (FCC), entre os meses de junho e julho de 2016. Utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, as medidas antropométricas, o questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) na versão curta, seis questões relativas ao uso de bebidas alcoólicas e de tabaco e o questionário de avaliação dos Hábitos Alimentares.  Participaram do estudo 56 universitários de ambos os sexos (em partes iguais) que cursavam mais de 90 dias letivos de aula na faculdade, nos diversos cursos.  A faixa etária variou de 18 a 55 anos com uma prevalência maior entre 21 e 29 anos em ambos os sexos (21,5% do sexo masculino e 26,8% do sexo feminino). A maior parte cursa Educação Física (30,4%), possuía o financiamento estudantil da própria instituição (50,0%), eram solteiros (75,0%), com emprego fixo e remunerado (76,7%), com renda individual mensal de até um salário mínimo (44,6%) e renda familiar mensal entre dois e cinco salários mínimos (48,2%). Afirmaram morar com a família (96,4%), com média de quatro pessoas na residência (35,7%). Identificou-se que o índice de alterações das variáveis analisadas foi superior no sexo masculino (06), com alterações na hipertensão arterial, no sobrepeso/obesidade, no sedentarismo, no tabagismo, no etilismo e nos hábitos alimentares. As mulheres apresentaram maiores alterações na variável circunferência abdominal (30,3%). Grande parte dos universitários possui de dois a quatro fatores de risco cardiovascular (homens 37,5% e mulheres 32,1%).  Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a estratificação do sedentarismo em relação à alimentação, concluindo que neste estudo o primeiro não interfere no segundo.  A prevalência encontrada foi de 1,0, considerando que todos os participantes possuem ao menos um fator de risco cardiovascular. Apesar dos homens apresentarem maiores alterações nas variáveis que compõem os fatores de risco cardiovasculares, as mulheres apresentaram alta prevalência nos fatores de risco, já que os resultados das variáveis não são mutuamente exclusivos. Verifica-se há necessidade de planejamento e implantação de propostas que visem modificar os hábitos de vida dos indivíduos, principalmente por parte do educador físico.Cardiovascular diseases represent a high number and increased morbidity and mortality worldwide due to the style of life. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among students of a college in the interior of Minas GeraisThis is a descriptive research, quantitative analysis of cross-sectional design carried out with students of the Faculdade Cidade de Coromandel (FCC), between the months of June and July 2016.  We used a sociodemographic questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in the short version and six questions relating to the use of alcoholic beverages and tobacco and the questionnaire for the evaluation of food habits. The study included 56 students of both sexes (in equal parts) that were more than 90 school days in the classroom in college, in various courses.  The age group ranged from 18 to 55 years with a higher prevalence between 21 and 29 years in both sexes (21.5% of male and 26.8% female). The majority is physical education (30.4%), had the student financing of the institution itself (50.0%), were single (75.0%), with regular paid employment (76.7%), with individual income of up to one minimum wage (44.6%) and monthly family income between two and five times the minimum wage (48.2%).   They live with the family (96.4%), with an average of four people in residence (35.7%). It was found that the rate of change of variables analyzed was higher in males (06), with changes in arterial hypertension, in overweight/obesity, in sedentary lifestyle, smoking, in alcoholism and in eating habits. The women had greater changes in variable abdominal circumference (30.3%). The vast majority of students has two to four risk factors for cardiovascular disease (men 37.5% and women 32.1%). There was no statistically significant difference between the stratification of sedentary lifestyle in relation to food, concluding that in this study the first does not interfere in the second. The prevalence was 1.0, whereas all participants have at least one cardiovascular risk factor. In spite of the men make major changes in the variables that compose the factors of cardiovascular risk  factors, women had a high prevalence in risk factors, since the results of the variables are not mutually exclusive.  It is proved there is a need for planning and implementation of proposals to modify the life habits of individuals, especially on the part  of the physical educator.Las enfermedades cardiovasculares representan un alto número y una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo debido al estilo de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre los estudiantes de una universidad en el interior de Minas Gerais. Se trata de una investigación descriptiva, análisis cuantitativo del diseño transversal realizado con estudiantes de la Faculdade Cidade de Coromandel (FCC) , entre los meses de junio y julio de 2016. Utilizamos un cuestionario sociodemográfico, mediciones antropométricas, el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) en la versión corta y seis preguntas relacionadas con el uso de bebidas alcohólicas y tabaco y el cuestionario para la evaluación de hábitos alimenticios. El estudio incluyó a 56 estudiantes de ambos sexos (en partes iguales) que estuvieron más de 90 días escolares en el aula en la universidad, en varios cursos. El grupo de edad osciló entre 18 y 55 años con una mayor prevalencia entre 21 y 29 años en ambos sexos (21,5% de hombres y 26,8% de mujeres). La mayoría es educación física (30.4%), tenía la financiación estudiantil de la propia institución (50.0%), eran solteros (75.0%), con empleo regular remunerado (76.7%), con ingresos individuales de hasta un salario mínimo (44.6 %) e ingresos familiares mensuales entre dos y cinco veces el salario mínimo (48.2%). Viven con la familia (96.4%), con un promedio de cuatro personas en residencia (35.7%). Se encontró que la tasa de cambio de las variables analizadas fue mayor en los hombres (06), con cambios en la hipertensión arterial, en el sobrepeso / obesidad, en el estilo de vida sedentario, el tabaquismo, el alcoholismo y los hábitos alimenticios. Las mujeres tuvieron mayores cambios en la circunferencia abdominal variable (30,3%). La gran mayoría de los estudiantes tiene de dos a cuatro factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (hombres 37.5% y mujeres 32.1%). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la estratificación del estilo de vida sedentario en relación con la comida, concluyendo que en este estudio el primero no interfiere en el segundo. La prevalencia fue de 1,0, mientras que todos los participantes tienen al menos un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. A pesar de que los hombres hicieron cambios importantes en las variables que componen los factores de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, las mujeres tuvieron una alta prevalencia en los factores de riesgo, ya que los resultados de las variables no son mutuamente excluyentes. Está comprobado que es necesario planificar e implementar propuestas para modificar los hábitos de vida de las personas, especialmente por parte del educador físico

Bioactivity of vegetable powders on biological parameters of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Vigna unguiculata

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is widely distributed in the world, being one of the most important crops in the Brazilian semiarid. Grains, however, are commonly damaged by the larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.), causing quantitative and qualitative losses. Thus, the study aimed to determine the potential reduction of eggs, adult emergence and population growth of this pest. The vegetable powders used were: Eucalyptus urophylla S T Blake × tereticornis Smith; E. brassiana S T Blake; E. urophylla × E. tereticornis × E. pellita; and of Azadirachta indica A. Juss; Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi and Rosmarinus officinalis L. All of the powders reduced C. maculatus oviposition, adult emergence and the population growth when compared to control at all the concentrations used. The most effective powders were the hybrid of E. brassiana (clone 25), E. urophylla × E. tereticornis (clone 101), S. terebinthifolius and A. indica

Fumigação e repelência de óleos essenciais sobre Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) em feijão-caupi

The objective of this work was to assess the fumigant and repellent effects of essential oils on adults of Callosobruchus maculatus and to identify the chemical composition of two of the tested essential oils. For the fumigation test, the oils of Schinus terebinthifolius, Piper aduncum, Syzygium aromaticum, Piper hispidinervum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and the eugenol compound were tested at different concentrations on C. maculatus adults. For the repellency test, the oils of S. terebinthifolius, P. aduncum, P. hispidinervum, S. aromaticum, Jatropha curcas, and Ricinus communis were evaluated. In the fumigation test, it was observed that P. aduncum and eugenol showed the highest and lowest LC50s, of 169.50 and 0.28 µL L-1 air, respectively. In the repellency test, the oils of S. aromaticum and P. hispidinervum were repellent to C. maculatus. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of these two oils identified 42 compounds, of which safrole was the main component of P. hispidinervum and eugenol of S. aromaticum. The essential oils of S. aromaticum, C. zeylanicum, and the eugenol compound are the most promising to control C. maculatus, via fumigation.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos fumigante e repelente de óleos essenciais sobre adultos de Callosobruchus maculatus e identificar a composição química de dois dos óleos essenciais testados. Para o teste de fumigação, os óleos de Schinus terebinthifolius, Piper aduncum, Syzygium aromaticum, Piper hispidinervum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum e do composto eugenol foram testados em diferentes concentrações sobre adultos de C. maculatus. Para o teste de repelência, foram avaliados os óleos de S. terebinthifolius, P. aduncum, P. hispidinervum, S. aromaticum, Jatropha curcas e Ricinus communis. No teste de fumigação, observou-se que P. aduncum e o eugenol mostraram maior e menor CL50, de 169,50 e 0,28 µL L-1 de ar, respectivamente. No teste de repelência, os óleos de S. aromaticum e P. hispidinervum foram repelentes a C. maculatus. A análise de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) destes dois óleos identificou 42 compostos, dos quais o safrole foi o principal componente de P. hispidinervum e o eugenol de S. aromaticum. Os óleos essenciais de S. aromaticum, C. zeylanicum e do composto eugenol são os mais promissores para o controle de C. maculatus, via fumigação

Memória, depressão e ansiedade de ratos Wistar submetidos à desnutrição regional do nordeste brasileiro

As deficiências nutricionais são um grupo de doenças que decorrem do aporte alimentar insuficiente em quantidades de energia e nutrientes corporais. Tais deficiências ao causarem danos físicos e mentais, podem prejudicar o desenvolvimento de funções psicológicas, como a memória, bem como podem estar relacionadas com a constituição de quadros depressivos e de ansiedade. Avaliar diferentes tipos de memória, comportamento de depressão e ansiedade em ratos Wistar, após desnutrição experimental induzida. Dezesseis ratos Wistar, machos e adultos, que ficavam alojados em grupos de quatro animais por gaiolas apropriadas, com livre acesso à comida e água. Foi utilizado um grupo controle e outro experimental com 8 animais cada, sendo a nutrição realizada com base na Dieta Regional do Nordeste para o grupo experimental. Os animais eram submetidos ao teste de Labirinto em cruz elevado e, no dia seguinte, ao teste campo claro-escuro. O grupo experimental recebeu alimentação com a dieta regional durante 70 dias consecutivos antes dos testes. Os resultados demonstram que o grupo controle apresentou tempo médio de realização dos testes compatível para animais saudáveis; e com baixo desvio padrão entre os animais testados. Os animais do grupo experimental demonstraram, seja no teste de labirinto cruzado ou no campo claro-escuro, um aumento do período para um dos braços, assim como, um menor número de cruzamento entre os campos, respectivamente. O espaço de tempo era maior no braço fechado do labirinto, e menor na passagem entre os campos claro-escuro. Também foi observado um menor número de exploração dentro dos campos, o que caracteriza um prejuízo de memória, juntamente com presença de ansiedade e depressão. Ratos Wistar expostos a períodos crônicos, como 70 dias ou mais, sob a desnutrição regional do nordeste brasileiro apresentam comprometimento no processo de formação da memória e aprendizagem, assim como sinais de depressão e ansiedade

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) in Amazonian Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) delays egg hatching and larval development of progeny.

Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a globally important arbovirus and has been reported from all states of Brazil. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infective Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) or Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895). However, it is important to know if ZIKV transmission also occurs from Ae. aegypti through infected eggs to her offspring. Therefore, a ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) free colony was established from eggs collected in Manaus and maintained until the third?fourth generation in order to conduct ZIKV vertical transmission (VT) experiments which used an infectious bloodmeal as the route of virus exposure. The eggs from ZIKV-infected females were allowed to hatch. The resulting F1 progeny (larvae, pupae, and adults) were quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assayed for ZIKV. The viability of ZIKV vertically transmitted to F1 progeny was evaluated by cultivation in C6/36 cells. The effects of ZIKV on immature development of Ae. aegypti was assessed and compared with noninfected mosquitoes. Amazonian Ae. Aegypti were highly susceptible to ZIKV infection (96.7%), and viable virus passed to their progeny via VT. Moreover, eggs from the ZIKV-infected mosquitoes had a significantly lower hatch rate and the slowest hatching. In addition, the larval development period was slower when compared to noninfected, control mosquitoes. This is the first study to illustrate VT initiated by oral infection of the parental population by using mosquitoes, which originated from the field and a ZIKV strain that is naturally circulating in-country. Additionally, this study suggests that ZIKV present in the Ae. aegypti can modify the mosquito life cycle. The data reported here suggest that VT of ZIKV to progeny from naturally infected females may have a critical epidemiological role in the dissemination and maintenance of the virus circulating in the vector

Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe