Metacognition and the accuracy of retrieval : integration of new ideas

There is a general agreement that remembering depends not only on the memory processes as such but rather that encoding, storage and retrieval are under the constant influence of the overarching, metacognitive processes. Moreover, many interventions designed to improve memory refer in fact to metacognition. Most attempts to integrate the very different theoretical and experimental approaches in this domain focus on encoding, whereas there is relatively little integration of approaches that focus on retrieval. Therefore, we reviewed the studies that used new ideas to improve memory retrieval due to a "metacognitive intervention". We concluded that whereas single experimental manipulations were not likely to increase metacognitive ability, more extensive interventions were. We proposed possible theoretical perspectives, namely the Source Monitoring Framework, as a means to integrate the two, so far separate, ways of thinking about the role of metacognition in retrieval: the model of strategic regulation of memory, and the research on appraisals in autobiographical memory. We identified venues for future research which could address, among other issues, integration of these perspectives

Social Worldviews and Personal Beliefs as Risk Factors for Radicalization: A Comparison Between Muslims and non-Muslims Living in Poland

This paper contributes to the understanding of the radicalization process. Muslim and non-Muslim residents of Poland were compared on their pro-terrorist attitudes toward sacrifice and non-sacrifice terrorism. We observed that acceptance of sacrifice terrorism and non-sacrifice terrorism are distinct but overlapping attitudes. These attitudes are explained by a separate configuration of social worldviews and personal beliefs. We found acceptance of non-sacrifice terrorism to be predicted by individual belief in a hostile world and the perception of low social support, whereas acceptance of sacrifice terrorism is determined by religious fundamentalism and authoritarianism. The separate beliefs underlying these two forms of pro-terrorist attitudes may indicate their different psychological functions. Acceptance of sacrifice terrorism serves as a defense of religion and culture, whereas acceptance of non-sacrifice terrorism serves to release personal frustration. This distinction may be used in terrorism prevention programs and/or de-radicalization programs. We also found that the risk of radicalization increases with the socio-cultural isolation of Muslims, decreases with age, and is particularly high for males

Sex differences in cancer risk and survival

Aim: The objective of study I was to delineate and quantify sex differences in cancer risk and survival together with assessing the potential gain achieved by eliminating the excess cancer risk in men. Study II and III aimed to in detail characterize the superior non-small cell lung cancer survival and the inferior urinary bladder cancer survival, in women, with the underlying objective to identify underlying drivers to these two phenomena. In study IV we wanted to explore to what extent taller body stature can explain the excess cancer risk in men. Methods: All of the studies are Swedish population-based cohort studies. Study I included all incident cancer cases (n=872,397) recorded in the Swedish Cancer Register in 1970-2014 at age 15-84. The association between sex and cancer risk and sex and cancer survival was assessed by estimating male-to-female incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and excess mortality ratios (EMRs), respectively, using Poisson regression models adjusted for age and calendar year. All incident lung squamous cell carcinoma (n=10,325) and adenocarcinoma (n=23,465) cases recorded in the Swedish Lung Cancer Register in 2002-2016 formed the basis in Study II. Flexible parametric models were applied to compute adjusted female-to-male hazard ratios (HRs) and standardized survival proportions over follow-up, including; age, year, education, marital status, birth country, health care region, ECOG performance status, smoking history, comorbidity, TNM stage, and tumor location, in the final model. A subgroup analysis of lung adenocarcinoma, additionally adjusting for EGFR mutational status, was additionally performed. In study III we included all records of urothelial bladder cancer diagnosed in 1997-2014 at age 18-89 in the Swedish Urinary Bladder Cancer Register (n=36,344). We estimated empirical survival proportions and mortality rates in men and women as well as female-to-male adjusted HRs and standardized survival proportions, using flexible parametric models including; age, year, WHO grade, TNM stage, marital status, education, health care region, birth country, and comorbidity, in the fully-adjusted models. In study IV individual-level information on height from the Swedish Passport Register, the Conscription Register, and the Medical Birth Register (n=6,156,659) was linked to the Swedish Cancer Register where 285,778 cancer cases were identified. Contemporary mediation analysis was applied to assess the effect of male sex, explained by height, on cancer risk. Results: In study I we found that men are at a higher risk of 34 of 39 malignancies, and have a poorer survival in 27 of 39. Except for smoking-associated malignancies, the excess risk in men is stable over calendar time. In male predominant sites, IRRs range from 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.1 (lung adenocarcinoma) to 8.0; 95% CI, 7.5-85 (laryngeal cancer). Women with non-small cell lung cancer (study II) are younger, smoke less, and present better performance status, compared to men. Women with lung adenocarcinoma additionally present lower comorbidity burden, less advanced stage, and more often harbor activating EGFR mutations. Women with non-small cell lung cancer have a superior survival that is most consistent in lung adenocarcinoma where female-to-male HRs ranged from 0.69; 95% CI 0.63-0.76 (stage IA-IIB) to 0.94; 95% CI 0.88-0.99 (stage IIIB-IV). HR estimates remain largely unchanged after meticulous adjustments. Except for an unfavorable stage distribution in women, we found sparse evidence of sex differences in clinical management or tumor aggressiveness, in urothelial bladder cancer (study III). Women, overall, have a poorer bladder cancer survival (adjusted HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.08-1.23) which is driven by muscle invasive tumors (adjusted HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.14-1.34) and restricted to the first two years from diagnosis. Study IV confirmed that a majority of investigated cancers are associated with male sex (here, 33 of 39) and body height (27 of 39). A fair proportion of the excess male cancer risk is explained by taller body stature, and ranges from 0.5% (laryngeal) to 100% (salivary, colon, melanoma, and AML). The effect of body height and the mediated Conclusion: In Study I we found that male sex is a consistent risk as well as a negative prognostic factor for a majority of cancers. Identifying and eliminating underlying factors to the excess cancer risk in men could substantially reduce the global cancer burden. Men with lung adenocarcinoma have a consistently poorer survival that remained largely unchanged after adjustments for a range of prognostic factors, indicating sex differences in tumor biology (study II). The excess bladder cancer mortality in women is limited to muscle-invasive tumors, only noticeable within the first two years from diagnosis, and cannot be explained by the examined clinicopathological factors (study III). This warrants further investigation of sex differences in outcomes and complications to radical cystectomy. A large proportion of the excess cancer risk in men is explainable by height (study IV). This finding corroborate that a considerable proportion of cancer cases are a result of random processes during DNA replication (i.e., bad luck) rather than underlying hereditary and/or environmental factors

Women from Galicia and the Polish film culture of 1920s and 1930s

The text examines forms of participation of women from Galicia (Kraków and Lwów) in Polish film culture that started to develop dynamically after 1918. There were several different occupations for women who tried to work for the film industry, including being actresses, owners or managers of cinemas but also film critics. Moreover, the early decades of 20th century was the time of emerging of women’s spectatorship, and film popular culture – commercialized and popularized by yellow press and film magazines. Closer examination of biographies of Zofia Batycka from Lwów and Maria Malicka from Kraków provides documents and visual materials, illustrating development of Polish star system and on the other hand of women’s professional experience. Other interesting sources of information about women and early cinema in Poland are film critics wrote by women who as Stefania Zahorska or Magdalena Samozwaniec were modern, independent women, educated and open-minded. Their memories and essays can be considered both as a documentation of film history but also of women’s history (and women’s spectatorship)

Perspektywa feministyczna w teorii i analizach filmowych

FILM THEORY AND FILM ANALYSIS FROM A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE  The article points to a feminist approach to the cinema and filmmaking which has been elaborated and evaluated ever since the early 1970s. Its aim is to present a huge variety of theoretical reflections on cinema which give voice to feminist, gender or queer methodology and interpretations. By emphasizing the question of women’s expression cinema, I am trying to show how diverse and differentiated the feminist fi lm theory can be, in terms of its issue, way of argumentation and theoretical contexts

Oblicza kina queer: od cross-dressingu do filmów transgenderowych

Queer Cinema: From cross-dressing to transgender films The article offers a general view on queer in cinema, focusing on 1990s, and the New Queer Cinema, and selected transgender films. It addresses the issue of both gender and sexuality, in terms of queer theory and queer film studies. There is a short introduction to the history of representation of queer identity in cinema, including classical and genre films. Meanwhile it is a kind of popularization of fi lm analysis from the queer perspective, as the one represented by Alexander Doty. The next part of the article examine the tradition of recent queer cinema, including The New Queer Cinema and films of individual authors. It is shown that both in terms of its aesthetics and narration, queer cinema tends to re-imagine and re-create ways of representations, against the conventional fixed models of masculine and feminine, dictated by dominant orders and ideology. There are also two separate parts dedicated to the phenomena of cross-dressing, and to transgender on screen. Concluding, the article presents different aspects of the issue of queer cinema, exposing some of its common features, such as: an ironic self-awareness associated with post-modern representation; new conceptualization of self as transgender, transsexual, drag; crossings and transgressing of gender and/or sex boundaries, whether temporary or permanent, on the level of representation or anatomically

Living in a city. Initiatives for building women's houses in modern Berlin and Cracov in 1910s-1930s

The text examines connections between the development of modernizing cities in 1910s-1930s and the women’s issue. There are several examples of unique architectural concepts all over Europe in that time, including houses for women in Berlin, Kopenhagen and Prague. Especially Berlin could be regarded as a model modern city with women architects who took responsibility for new, feminist projects of houses for female population of different age and social background. Considering Poland, Cracow seems to be one of outstanding examples of a city where women’s initiative was strong enough to establish a foundation and to built two houses for female post workers. The Cracow leader of the group was Władysława Habicht who was strongly involved in both women’s and national issues. Thanks to her determination and hard work, women working at the local post-office could find a place of their own

Muzyczne i literackie inspiracje w filmach Dereka Jarmana oraz Sally Potter

Music and Literature Inspirations in Films by Derek Jarman and by Sally PotterBritish film historians argues that both Derek Jarman and Sally Potter belong to the group of “excluded artists” constituted by either queer or feminist avant-garde authors. They have been consistently expressing themselves in such an original form, that can be called “the hybrid film”, combining performance art, video, music, dance and images. Both Jarman and Potter put in question firstly the importance and the value of British heritage and cultural tradition, secondly the language and status of cinema. Moreover, they were in deliberate revolt against conventional patterns of expression, among which the question of sexuality and gender identity was placed.Re-using structures typical of narrative cinema, avant-garde, and literary and arts tradition they emphasised the uniqueness of each individual and the distance that can exist between the individual and dominant patterns (of identity, self-stories, gender, authorship etc.). The text examines three different aspects of Jarman and Potter’s films, including the issue of

Kobiety w historii kina i fotografii w Galicji

Rozważania podjęte przez autorki tekstów zamieszczonych w niniejszym numerze „Przeglądu Kulturoznawczego” dotyczą różnorodnych zagadnień związanych z obecnością kobiet w kulturze wizualnej Galicji – fotograficznej i filmowej – zarówno jako jej kreatorek, jak i odbiorczyń. Wybór obszaru dawnego zaboru austriackiego podyktowany jest chęcią podjęcia lokalnych badań, ograniczonych do historycznego (i mitycznego) terenu o wyrazistej, choć niejednorodnej, tożsamości kulturowej wynikającej z politycznych, ekonomicznych, społecznych, ale i kulturowych uwarunkowa