A REVIEW ON HERBO MINERAL FORMULATIONS CONTAINING LAUHA (IRON) W.S.R TO RASENDRA SARA SANGHRAHA

Rasendra Sara Sangraha is the oldest and most exhaustive treatise of Rasa Shastra, an important branch of Ayurveda, which revolutionised Ayurveda Pharmacopeia in the medieval period. It is one of classical works of 14th century period written by Sri Gopala Krishna Bhatt consists of 5 chapters with 2531 verses. Rasendra Sara Sangraha comprising the compilation of various times tested and therapeutically proved Rasayoga formulations. Lauha (iron) is a very essential element of the body system for treating many disease conditions as well as for physiological existence. Iron used as medicine from the Vedic period. Lauha preparations are extensively used from Acharya Charakas period in the form of Ayasruti and Navayasa loha. Rasendra Sara Sangraha has mentioned a total of 222 herbo mineral formulations having Lauha (iron). The present study deals with the chapter wise review of formulations of Rasendra Sara Sangraha containing Lauha as an ingredient mentioned in various disease conditions like Jwara, Arsas, krimi, Pandu, Soola, Pradara, Sodha and Gulma etc. These Lauha containing Herbo mineral Formulations has been elaborately compiled in 222 formulations

Going From an Academic Medical Center to a Community Hospital: Patient Experiences with TransfersGoing from an academic medical center to a community hospital: Patient experiences with transfers

Academic medical centers (AMCs) often operate at or near full capacity, which leads to delays in care while smaller community hospitals may have excess capacity. To address this issue and to match patient needs to care acuity, patients may be transferred from an AMC emergency department for direct admission to a community hospital. We aimed to explore the experiences and perspectives of patients who were transferred. We randomly selected patients transferred between February 2019 and February 2020. We conducted structured thirty-minute interviews containing fixed response and open-ended questions focusing on the transfer rationale and experience, care quality, and patient financial outcomes. We used descriptive statistics to summarize questions with fixed responses and thematic analysis for open-ended questions. We interviewed a total of 40 patients. While most (88%) understood the rationale for transfer, many (60%) did not feel they had agency in the decision despite the voluntary nature of the program. Patients generally had a positive experience with the transfer (65%) and valued the expedited admission. However, some highlighted issues with transfer-related billing and the mismatch between the expectations of presenting to an academic hospital and the reality of being admitted to a community one. We conclude that patients are amenable to transfers for an expedited admission and understand the rationale for such transfers. However, participants should receive a clear explanation of benefits to them, guidance that the program is voluntary, and protection from financial risk Experience Framework This article is associated with the Patient, Family & Community Engagement lens of The Beryl Institute Experience Framework (https://www.theberylinstitute.org/ExperienceFramework). Access other PXJ articles related to this lens. Access other resources related to this lens

Clinico-social parameters of diabetes among patientsutilizing emergency medical services

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing in its potential in developing countries. Rise in diabetic patients calling emergency medical services (EMS) is expected. It calls for thorough assessment of patients with DM utilizing EMS. In the present study, was to assess magnitude of DM among patients utilizing EMS and its clinico-social parameters.Methods: It was hospital record based observational study of patients calling EMS delivered by a tertiary care hospital in Pune, Maharashtra, India during 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2014. Patients with incomplete records were excluded. A person with medical background was trained to extract required information from hospital records. Patients with previously diagnosed DM were considered those who were on diet, oral hypoglycemic agents or taking insulin therapy and newly diagnosed patients with DM were considered those with the value of glycemia on admission >200 mg/dl in first 24 hours. Data analysis was done using SPSS 15.0 software.Results: 45.8% (894/1951) were Patients with DM out of that 78.19% (699/894) were known to have DM while 28.81% (195/1951) were new cases of DM. 5.1% (100/1951) patients had uncontrolled DM. DM was significantly more in >60 years age group and in urban residents (p<0.001). Patients with DM were significantly more to have breathlessness, altered sensorium and dyspnoea as major purpose to call EMS (p<0.001, <0.001 and 0.045 respectively). Other co-morbidities in the form of Hypertension, other cardiovascular abnormalities, COPD, CKD and history of CVA were significantly more among Patients with DM (p<0.001, except for COPD, p=0.027).Conclusions: There was a high burden of patients with DM on EMS. EMS teams should be well trained to diagnose and manage such emergencies. Mass awareness of screening for DM and its proper management will help to decrease such burden

ON THE ESTIMATION OF POLARIMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR OIL SLICK FEATURE DETECTION FROM HYBRID POL AND DERIVED PSEUDO QUAD POL SAR DATA

Oil spills in oceans have a significant long term effect on the marine ecosystem and are of prime concern for maritime economy. In order to locate and estimate the oil spread area and for quantitative damage assessment, it is required to continually monitor the affected area on the sea and its surroundings and space based remote sensing makes this technically viable. Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR with its high sensitivity to target dielectric constant, look angle and polarization-dependent target backscatter has become a potential tool for oil-spill observation and maritime monitoring. From conventional single-channel SAR (single-pol, HH or VV) to multi-channel SAR – (Dual/Quad-polarization) and more recently compact polarimetric (Hybrid/Slant Linear) SAR systems have been widely used for oil-spill detection in the seas. Various polarimetric features have been proposed to classify oil spills using full, dual and compact polarimetric SAR. RISAT-1 is a C-band SAR with Circular Transmit and Linear Receive (CTLR) hybrid polarimetric imaging capability.This study is aimed at the polarimetric processing of RISAT-1 hybrid pol single look complex (SLC) data for derivation of the decisive polarimetric parameters which can be used to identify oil spills in oceans and their discrimination from look-alike signatures. In order to understand ocean–oil spill signatures from full-quad pol SAR, pseudo-quad pol covariance matrix is constructed from RISAT-1 hybrid pol using polarimetric scattering models .Then polarimetric processing is carried out over pseudo-quad pol data for oil slick detection. In-house developed software is used for carrying out the above oil-spill study

Razvoj matriksnih sustava za transdermalnu isporuku pentazocina: In vitro/in vivo ispitivanje

The present study aimed to develop hydroxypropyl methylcellulose based transdermal delivery of pentazocine. In formulations containing lower proportions of polymer, the drug released followed the Higuchi kinetics while, with an increase in polymer content, it followed the zero-order release kinetics. Release exponent (n) values imply that the release of pentazocine from matrices was non-Fickian. FT-IR, DSC and XRD studies indicated no interaction between drug and polymer. The in vitro dissolution rate constant, dissolution half-life and pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, tmax, AUC(s), t1/2, Kel, and MRT) were evaluated statistically by two-way ANOVA. A significant difference was observed between but not within the tested products. Statistically, a good correlation was found between per cent of drug absorbed from patches vs. Cmax, and AUC(s). A good correlation was also observed when per cent drug released was correlated with the blood drug concentration obtained at the same time point. The results of this study indicate that the polymeric matrix films of pentazocine hold potential for transdermal drug delivery.U radu je opisan razvoj transdermalnih sustava na bazi hidroksipropil metilceluloze za isporuku pentazocina. U pripravcima koji sadrže manje udjele polimera, otpuštanje lijeka slijedilo je Higuchijevu kinetiku. Međutim, ako je udio polimera veći oslobađanje je najbolje odgovaralo kinetici nultog reda. Vrijednost eksponenta n implicira da oslobađanje pentazocina iz matriksa nije po Fickovom zakonu. FT-IR, DSC i X RD studije ukazuju da nema interakcije između ljekovite tvari i polimera. In vitro konstanta oslobađanja, poluvrijeme oslobađanja i farmakokinetički parametri (Cmax, tmax, AUC(s), t1/2, Kel, i MRT) procijenjeni su statistički koristeći ANOVA program. Značajna razlika primijećena je između, ali ne i unutar testiranih pripravaka. Pronađena je dobra korelacija između lijeka apsorbiranog iz flastera i Cmax i AUC(s) te oslobođenog lijeka i koncentracije lijeka u krvi. Rezultati ukazuju da su polimerni matriksni filmovi pentazocina potencijalno dobri sustavi za transdermalnu primjenu lijeka

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa

The global abundance of tree palms

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019