Isolation and Identification of a Strain of Aspergillus Tubingensis With Deoxynivalenol Biotransformation Capability

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common contaminants of various foodstuffs. A biotransformation system was used in order to lessen the toxicity of DON. A strain of Aspergillus (NJA-1) was isolated from soil and cultured in an inorganic salt medium containing DON. Bt2a/Bt2b primers were used to amplify the β-tubulin gene of NJA-1. Sequence analysis the PCR product and morphology observation indicated that NJA-1 belonged to Aspergillus tubingensis (aerobic fungi). The DNA sequence information of the PCR product was deposited in GenBank (accession number DQ9025790). The DNA sequence had 99% similarity to the Aspergillus tubingensis accession number AY820009. An unknown compound in NJA-1 showed the ability to convert DON into another product. The molecular weight of the bioconversion product was 18.1 D (H2O) larger than that of DON. The analysis showed that DON could be hydrolyzed by NJA-1. The mean DON biotransformation rate was 94.4% after two weeks of cultivation. The finding presents a new method for DON biotransformation

Deoxynivalenol and its toxicity

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of several mycotoxins produced by certain Fusarium species that frequently infect corn, wheat, oats, barley, rice, and other grains in the field or during storage. The exposure risk to human is directly through foods of plant origin (cereal grains) or indirectly through foods of animal origin (kidney, liver, milk, eggs). It has been detected in buckwheat, popcorn, sorgum, triticale, and other food products including flour, bread, breakfast cereals, noodles, infant foods, pancakes, malt and beer. DON affects animal and human health causing acute temporary nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and fever. This review briefly summarizes toxicities of this mycotoxin as well as effects on reproduction and their antagonistic and synergic actions

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink

Comparison of Two Post-Column Derivatization Systems, Ultraviolet Irradiation and Electrochemical Determination, for the Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Alfatoxins in Food.

Abstract not availableJRC.I-Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (Ispra

Evaluation des mycotoxines dans la bière (présence, devenir et techniques d'analyse)

L'objectif de la thèse a été le développement et/ou l'amélioration de méthodes destinées à l'évaluation de la présence des mycotoxines dans les bières européennes, et de suivre le devenir de certaines mycotoxines pendant le processus de fabrication de la bière. Cinq mycotoxines ou groupes de mycotoxines de grande importance pour l'agriculture ont été étudiées : les quatre principales aflatoxines (AFB1 AFG1, AFB2, AFG2) l'Ochratoxine A (OTA), et la Deoxynivalenol (DON), la Zearalenone (ZEA) et les Fumonisines (FBs) B1 et B2 (FB1 et FB2). Les céréales utilisées pour la fabrication de la bière peuvent être contaminées simultanément par plusieurs mycotoxines. C'est pour cette raison qu'un objectif majeur de la thèse a été la mise en place de méthodes permettant la détection simultanée de plusieurs mycotoxines. Au cours de ce travail la détermination simultanée des mycotoxines a porté sur AFs et OTA ainsi que sur FBs et ZEA. De plus, la DON a été déterminée par une méthode immuno-enzymatique (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay : ELISA) et avec une méthode de chromatographie en Phase gazeuse couplée avec spectrométrie de masse (CPG-SM). Une comparaison de ces méthodes pour la détermination de l'OTA dans le vin est également présentée afin de démontrer l'applicabilité d'une méthode basée sur la purification par immuno-affinité, pour une autre boisson alcoolique susceptible d'être affectée par l'OTA.This thesis reports on the quantitative assessment of some of the major mycotoxins (Aflatoxins (AFs) Ochratoxin (OTA) Fumonisis (FBs) Zearalenone (ZEA) and Deoxynivalenol (DON)) in European beers. The simultaneous determination of AFs and OTA was possible through the development of new or improved methods. The pre-column derivatization techniques, bromination and UV-irradiation specific to AFB1 and AFG1 were evaluated and compared. A method allowing the simultaneous determination of FBs and ZEA was also developed. Alternative derivatizatin partners to o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) for the pre-column derivatization of the FBs were investigated. N-acety-cysteine (N-AC) and thioglycerol (TG) were found to be good alternatives to 2 mercaptoethanol (2-ME) which is toxic and its derivatives are unstable. Don was determined using a screening method. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) confirmed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Incidence rates for AFs and OTA in beer were 0% and 67 % respectively (n=99). Mean contamination levels were 0.026 ng mL-1 for OTA ranging from <0.007 to 0.15 ng mL-1. Statistical analysis showed no significant influence of alcohol content, year of production and fermentation type on OTA content.RENNES-Agrocampus-CRD (352382323) / SudocSudocFranceF

Screening Survey of Deoxynivalenol in Beer from the European Market by an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay.

Abstract not availableJRC.D-Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (Geel