Cultural Competence Education in Undergraduate Athletic Training Programs

It is critical for athletic trainers to understand and practice culturally competent health care, which involves being responsive and sensitive to all cultural differences present in the population. The Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) requires that all Athletic Training Programs teach cultural competence in their curriculum. However, programs have the autonomy to determine how and when their curriculum content will be delivered. Furthermore, the current original research examining athletic training and cultural competence is very limited and there is a lack of research focused on the educational practices of cultural competence education in athletic training. This research study investigated the following three research questions: to what extent is cultural competence education in undergraduate Athletic Training Programs being implemented; how is athletic training cultural competence education being taught; and what challenges do athletic training educators face when implementing cultural competence education. The Program Directors for all 310 undergraduate CAATE Accredited Athletic Training Programs in the United States were contacted, requesting participation in an electronic survey; 64 respondents completed the survey. Once the electronic survey data were preliminarily analyzed, five programs were contacted by email and asked to participate in a follow-up telephone interview; four agreed to complete the follow-up interview. The results of this research study indicate that Athletic Training Programs are attempting to teach cultural competence thoroughly, but there are still several areas in need of improvement. Athletic training educators need more opportunities for formal training in cultural competence, in order to better prepare for teaching this content. This training should focus on incorporating interprofessional education, using theory to inform practice, and adapting to various influences. Educators also need more guidance regarding suggested topics to address, effective delivery modes, and successful classroom exercises. In addition, Athletic Training Programs need to re-examine how to infuse cultural competence across the entire program as well as how to increase patient encounters in diverse settings. It is suggested that accreditation requirements should address the need for immediate attention to improving cultural competence education in athletic training

Fluorescence and Mass Spectrometric Detection Schemes for Simultaneous Enzymatic Conversions: Method Development and Comparison

Fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection schemes are developed and compared for the simultaneous activity determination of two enzymes in solution. As model system, the following reactions are used: The alkaline phosphatase catalyzed reaction with 5-fluorosalicyl phosphate yields the fluorescent 5-fluorosalicylic acid, whereas microperoxidase 11 reacts with 4-(N-methylhydrazino)-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzooxadiazole and H2O2 to the strongly fluorescent 4-(N-methylamino)-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzooxadiazole. As the emission spectra of the fluorescent products as well as the molecular masses of substrates and products do not interfere with each other, is it possible to determine both reactions in parallel with both detection schemes. The measurements resulted in the same limits of detection, limits of quantification and linear ranges of the single/simultaneous enzyme determination for fluorescence and MS detection. While the relative standard deviations were significantly lower in case of fluorescence detection (1.4–3.2%) than in mass spectrometry (5.7–10.1%), the latter proved to be the more versatile approach for multianalyte determination

Studien zur Totalsynthese von Amphidinolid H2

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Real-time optical micro-manipulation using optimized holograms generated on the GPU

Holographic optical tweezers allow the three dimensional, dynamic, multipoint manipulation of micron sized dielectric objects. Exploiting the massive parallel architecture of modern GPUs we can generate highly optimized holograms at video frame rate allowing the interactive micro-manipulation of 3D structures.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure

HoloTrap: Interactive hologram design for multiple dynamic optical trapping

This work presents an application that generates real-time holograms to be displayed on a holographic optical tweezers setup; a technique that allows the manipulation of particles in the range from micrometres to nanometres. The software is written in Java, and uses random binary masks to generate the holograms. It allows customization of several parameters that are dependent on the experimental setup, such as the specific characteristics of the device displaying the hologram, or the presence of aberrations. We evaluate the software's performance and conclude that real-time interaction is achieved. We give our experimental results from manipulating 5 micron-diametre microspheres using the program.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figure

Independent polarisation control of multiple optical traps

We present a system which uses a single spatial light modulator to control the spin angular momentum of multiple optical traps. These traps may be independently controlled both in terms of spatial location and in terms of their spin angular momentum content. The system relies on a spatial light modulator used in a "split-screen" configuration to generate beams of orthogonal polarisation states which are subsequently combined at a polarising beam splitter. Defining the phase difference between the beams with the spatial light modulator enables control of the polarisation state of the light. We demonstrate the functionality of the system by controlling the rotation and orientation of birefringent vaterite crystals within holographic optical tweezers