Anatomska obilježja i kvaliteta vlakana stabljike vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.)

This study investigated the anatomical characteristics and fibre quality for papermaking indices of Vitis vinifera L. (grapevine) stem wood, which is extracted as agricultural waste. Two grapevine trunks were collected from the Gülnar region in Turkey. Observations on microscopic anatomical characteristics were carried out on sectioned and macerated wood samples. According to the measurements conducted, the following mean anatomical characteristics were determined: earlywood vessel tangential diameter 258.81 μm, latewood vessel tangential diameter 35.52 μm, ray width 197.19 μm, ray height 4618.67 μm, vessel length 498.85 μm, fibre length 1.03 mm, fibre diameter 22.05 μm, and fibre wall thickness 4.23 μm. Based on the determined characteristics linked to the fibre quality, the fibres of the grapevine can be placed in Quality Class III for pulp and paper processing. All derived indices of grapevine met the acceptable threshold except for the flexibility ratio. Examining the anatomical structure of the grapevine will enable a database to be created for further studying of wood anatomy and these characteristics can be evaluated with respect to other possible areas of use.U ovom su radu istražena anatomska obilježja i indeksi kvalitete vlakana za proizvodnju papira od stabljika vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.) koje se ekstrahiraju kao poljoprivredni otpad. Dva uzorka stabljike vinove loze prikupljena su iz regije Gülnar u Turskoj. Promatranja mikroskopskih anatomskih obilježja provedena su na presječenim i maceriranim uzorcima vinove loze. Prema provedenim mjerenjima, utvrđene su ove srednje anatomske vrijednosti: tangentni promjer traheje ranog drva 258,81 μm, tangentni promjer traheje kasnog drva 35,52 μm, širina drvnog traka 197,19 μm, visina drvnog traka 4618,67 μm, duljina traheje 498,85 μm, duljina vlakana 1,03 mm, promjer vlakana 22,05 μm i debljina stijenke vlakana 4,23 μm. Na temelju utvrđenih obilježja vezanih za kvalitetu vlakana, vlakna vinove loze mogu se svrstati u III. razred kakvoće materijala za preradu celuloze i papira. Svi proizvodni indeksi vinove loze, osim omjera fleksibilnosti, zadovoljili su prihvatljivi prag. Ispitivanje anatomske strukture vinove loze omogućit će stvaranje baze podataka za daljnje proučavanje anatomije vinove loze i na taj će se način navedena obilježja moći proučavati u drugim područjima uporabe

Honey Plants of Düzce University Ornamental and Medicinal Plants Botanical Garden

In this study, melliferous plants that the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) can benefit from among the taxa planted in Düzce University Ornamental and Medicinal Plants Botanical Garden, are presented. Among the 451 taxa planted in the botanical garden, those with these characteristics were determined by reviewing studies on the subject. Of the 165 taxa (36.58%) included in the honey plant class; 119 contain both nectar and pollen, 25 contain pollen, 13 contain nectar, 4 contain both pollen and insect secretion (IS) or sweet sap (SS), 2 contain pollen, nectar and IS or SS, 1 contain both nectar and SS, 1 contain only IS. In order to prevent the decrease in pollinator and pollinator insects, whose numbers are decreasing due to global climate change, a "Bee and Insect Hotel" was placed in the botanical garden. For this reason, the majority of the plants selected for planting were chosen from taxa with honey plant properties. The main purpose here is both to pollinate the plants in the botanical garden and to show and explain the effects of insect species on pollination through nature education

Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe

Data Descriptor : A European Multi Lake Survey dataset of environmental variables, phytoplankton pigments and cyanotoxins

Under ongoing climate change and increasing anthropogenic activity, which continuously challenge ecosystem resilience, an in-depth understanding of ecological processes is urgently needed. Lakes, as providers of numerous ecosystem services, face multiple stressors that threaten their functioning. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a persistent problem resulting from nutrient pollution and climate-change induced stressors, like poor transparency, increased water temperature and enhanced stratification. Consistency in data collection and analysis methods is necessary to achieve fully comparable datasets and for statistical validity, avoiding issues linked to disparate data sources. The European Multi Lake Survey (EMLS) in summer 2015 was an initiative among scientists from 27 countries to collect and analyse lake physical, chemical and biological variables in a fully standardized manner. This database includes in-situ lake variables along with nutrient, pigment and cyanotoxin data of 369 lakes in Europe, which were centrally analysed in dedicated laboratories. Publishing the EMLS methods and dataset might inspire similar initiatives to study across large geographic areas that will contribute to better understanding lake responses in a changing environment.Peer reviewe

Wood anatomical characteristics of native narror leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia vahl) taxa of Turkey and the effects of different growth environments on these characters

YÖK Tez No: 495471Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de doğal olarak yetişen Dar Yapraklı Dişbudak taksonuna ait odun ve toprak örnekleri bulundukları yöre ve yükseltilere göre alınmıştır. Alınan materyaller için farklı yetişme koşulları Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından Thornthwaite yağış etkinlik indisine göre oluşturulan haritadan yararlanılarak yarı kurak, yarı kurak-az nemli, yarı nemli ve nemli bölgeler şeklinde ayrılmıştır. Odun örneklerinde; trahe hücrelerine ait özellikler (teğet ve radyal çapları, mm² de sayıları, uzunlukları), özışınlarına ait özellikler (genişlik, yükseklik, mm ve mm² de sayıları) ve lif hücrelerine ait özellikler (uzunluk, genişlik ve çeper kalınlığı) için ölçümler ve sayımlar yapılmıştır. Toprak örneklerinin; fiziksel (kum, toz, kil oranı) ve kimyasal (pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, organik madde) özellikleri, toprak türü ve faydalanılabilir su kapasiteleri belirlenmiştir. Trahe hücre özellikleri kullanılarak "Vulnerabilite oranı" (trahe çapının birim alandaki sayısına bölümü) ve "Mezomorfi değeri" (vulnerabilite oranının trahe hücre uzunluğu ile çarpımı) hesaplanmıştır. Odun ve toprak örneklerine ait veriler ile istatiktiksel analizler yapılarak; odun anatomisi özellikleri ile farklı yetişme koşulları ve yükselti arasındaki ilişkilerin ortaya konulmasına çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak farklı ekolojik koşullarda hem dişbudak odununun anatomik özelliklerinin hem de toprak özelliklerinin istatistiki anlamda farklılıklar gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.In this study, the wood and soil samples belonging to native Narrow Leaf Ash tree grown in Turkey were taken according to the location and elevation. The different growing conditions for the collected materials were divided into semi-arid, semi-arid-less-humid, semi-humid and moist areas based on the map created by the meteorological administration according to Thornthwaite precipitation activity index. On wood samples; measurements and counts were made for the features of vessel cells (tangential and radial diameters, numbers in 1 mm², lengths), features of ray (width, height, numbers in 1 mm, numbers in 1 mm²), features of fiber cells (lengths, widths and thickness of wall). Physical (ratio of sand, silt and clay) and chemical (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter) features, type and available water capacities of soil were identified for the soil samples. By using vessel member features, "Vulnerability" ratio (vessel diameter divided by number of vessels per mm²) and "Mesomorphy" value ("Vulnerability" multiplied by vessel elements length) was calculated. Statistically analyzes performed with the data of wood and soil samples; wood anatomy features and the relationship between different growing conditions and altitude. As a result, it was determined that both the anatomical characteristics of the ash wood and the soil properties were statistically different in different ecological conditions

The flora of Samandere Valley and Uğur Köyü - Şimşirlik Sıte (Düzce)

YÖK Tez No: 346404Samandere Vadisi ve Uğur Köyü-Şimşirlik Mevkii florası adlı çalışma 2010 ? 2012 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Samandere Vadisi Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde Düzce ilinin güney doğusunda yer almaktadır. Çalışma alanının denizden yüksekliği 240 m ile 1550 m arasında değişmektedir. Çalışma alanı P.H.Davis'in kare sistemine göre A3 karesinde yer almaktadır. Çalışma alanı Avrupa-Sibirya Flora Alanının Öksin alt flora alanı ile Iran-Turan Flora Alanı ve Akdeniz Flora Alanı etkisinde bulunmaktadır. 2010-2012 yılları arasında yapılan 18 arazi çalışması sonucunda 1150 adet bitki toplanmıştır. Teşhisler sonucunda 87 familya ve 309 cinse ait 532 takson tespit edilmiştir. Teşhis edilen bitkilerden 18 taksonun A3 karesi için yeni olduğu saptanmıştır. Toplanan bitkilerden 22 takson endemik olup, endemizm oranı % 4,13'dır. Alandaki bitki taksonlarının flora alanlarına göre şöyle dağılım göstermektedir; Avrupa-Sibirya elementleri: % 33,64, Akdeniz elementleri % 7,70, İran-Turan elementleri: % 1,69. % 56,95 ise geniş yayılışlı ya da fitocoğrafik bölgesi bilinmeyenlerdir. En çok cins ve tür içeren familya 31 cins, 46 tür ile Asteraceae (Compositae) olmuştur. Raunkiaer'in hayat formlarına göre dağılım ise şöyledir: 72 (% 13,53) Phanerophytes, 31 (% 5,82) Chamaephytes, 229 (% 43,06) Hemicryptophytes, 65 (% 12,21) Cryptophytes [57(% 10,71) Geophytes + 8 (% 1,50) Hydrophytes] ve 120 (% 22,25) Therophytes. 15 (% 2,81) taksonun hayat formu ise bilinememektedir.The study includes the flora of Samandere Valley and Uğur Köyü ? Şimşirlik site has been carried out between 2010 to 2012. Samandere Valley is situated at the south eastern part of Düzce, at the northern part of Western Black Sea Region. The altitude of the area is varried between 240 and 1550 metres. The study area is in the A3 grid square according to the categorization of P.H.Davis. The study area is under the influences of Euxine sub-flora region of Euro-Siberian, Flora region of Meditterranean and Flora region of Irano-Turanian. 1150 specimens were collected in 18 field trips to research area between 2010 and 2012. 87 families, 309 genus and 532 taxa were determined. 18 of the determinated taxa are the new record for the A3 square. 22 of the collected taxa are endemic and endemism ratio is 4,13 %. Phytogeographically, Euro-Siberian elements are: % 33,64, Irano-Turanian elements: % 1,69, Mediterranean elements: % 7,70 and widespread or unknown: % 56,95. The family including the most genus and specimen is Compositae with 31 genus, 46 taxa. The plant life forms of Raunkiaer systems are 72 (% 13,53) Phanerophytes, 31 (% 5,82) Chamaephytes, 229 (% 43,06) Hemicryptophytes, 65 (% 12,21) Cryptophytes [57 (% 10,71) Geophytes + 8 (% 1,50) Hydrophytes] ve 120 (% 22,25) Therophytes. 15 (% 2,81) taxa life forms are unknown

Macroscopic and Microscopic Diagnosis of Three Entandrophragma Species Traded in Türkiye

The anatomical characteristics are highlighted for Entandrophragma cylindricum, Entandrophragma utile, and Entandrophragma angolense. Wood samples, which were previously obtained from commercial timber industries in the Marmara region of Türkiye and used as course materials, were used. Qualitative and quantitative anatomical characteristics were determined. Qualitatively, characters such as distinct growth rings, diffuse-porous wood, deposits in vessel elements, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, heterogeneous ray type, and septate fibres, were common to all species. The quantitative evaluation showed that there were differences between species. Entandrophragma species differ in some wood characteristics such as the tangential diameter of the vessel, ray height, ray width, and fibre lumen diameter. E. utile had higher values of the mean tangential vessel diameter (180 μm) and fiber lumen diameter (18.4 μm) than the other two species. It is possible to say that the anatomical features of E. cylindricum differ from that of other species and that it will be easier to diagnose among other species. E. cylindricum had the lowest values of the mean tangential vessel diameter (147 μm) and ray height (361 μm).  Distinctive characters for E. utile and E. angolense are tangential vessel diameter, vessel length, ray height, ray width, and all fibre dimensions

High mountain steppe vegetation of the Argözü Valley in Kibriscik, Bolu/Turkey

The object of this study is to analyse the high mountain steppe vegetation of Argözü Valley in Kibriscik (Turkey). Argözü Valley is situated on the southern slopes of Köroğlu Mountains. The research areprovince of Euro-Siberian Region. The climate of the region changes from less rainy Mediterranean type. Annual precipitation varies from 700 mm to 1200 mm depending on altitudinal mean annual temperature is 11°C. Volcanic with andesite characteristic rocks occur in the area. Sample plots were taken from high mountain steppe vegetation of the study area. Vegetation data weusing TWINSPAN (Hill, 1979) under JUICE software and indirect ordination analysis were applied.As a result of classification and ordination, two associations under different two alliance were determined

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer

To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L-1), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long-term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4 degrees C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient-rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature.Peer reviewe

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer

To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L−1), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long-term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4°C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient-rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature