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Not AvailableSugarcane dry trash, available to the tune of 7 million tonne, is a part of sugarcane tops and is a major byproduct of the sugarcane industry which is left in the field after cane harvest. The dry fodder can be utilized as dry fodder source after chaffing in to small pieces in the place of paddy or any other straw. The dry fodder can be mixed with other seasonal green fodder and concentrate in the total mixed ration. Depending upon level of milk production, not more than 3 to 5 kg dry trash can be mixed with varying amounts of green fodder and concentrate in the form of total mixed ration for feeding cattle.Not Availabl

Practical consensus guidelines for the management of enuresis

Despite the high prevalence of enuresis, the professional training of doctors in the evaluation and management of this condition is often minimal and/or inconsistent. Therefore, patient care is neither optimal nor efficient, which can have a profound impact on affected children and their families. Once comprehensive history taking and evaluation has eliminated daytime symptoms or comorbidities, monosymptomatic enuresis can be managed efficaciously in the majority of patients. Non-monosymptomatic enuresis is often a more complex condition; these patients may benefit from referral to specialty care centers. We outline two alternative strategies to determine the most appropriate course of care. The first is a basic assessment covering only the essential components of diagnostic investigation which can be carried out in one office visit. The second strategy includes several additional evaluations including completion of a voiding diary, which requires extra time during the initial consultation and two office visits before treatment or specialty referral is provided. This should yield greater success than first-line treatment. Conclusion: This guideline, endorsed by major international pediatric urology and nephrology societies, aims to equip a general pediatric practice in both primary and secondary care with simple yet comprehensive guidelines and practical tools (i.e., checklists, diary templates, and quick-reference flowcharts) for complete evaluation and successful treatment of enuresis

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018):a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points

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Not AvailablePhytochemicals are bioactive non-nutrient plant compounds, which have been great interests to the researchers because of their potential effects as antioxidants, antiestrogenics, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticarcinogenics. However, the bioavailability and effects of polyphenols greatly depend on their transformation by components of the gut microbiota. Phytochemicals and their metabolic products may also inhibit pathogenic bacteria while stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria, exerting prebiotic-like effects. Gut microbiota influences the development and maturation of the digestive and immune systems and is a source of regulatory signals, some of which may be suitable for exploitation for therapeutic purposes. This chapter focuses on interaction between phyto-metabolites or plant secondary metabolites and gut microbial population in non-ruminants and harvesting nutritional, health and environmental benefits, consequently in the interest of human population.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe study investigated the long-term effect of feeding processed solvent extracted karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake (SKC) on gross pathology and histopathological changes in some vital organs, and on the activities of serum enzymes in Jalauni lambs. Twenty-four male lambs were divided into 4 groups and allotted randomly to a soybean meal (SBM) based control (CON) and 3 treatment groups receiving concentrate mixtures, containing water washed (WW), 2.5% lime (LM) and 0.4% binder (BN) treated SKC replacing 50% nitrogen of SBM to meet the protein requirements. Blood was collected after 150 days from all the lambs and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed. All lambs were sacrificed after 196 days, and vital organs screened for gross pathological lesions. The representative tissues of liver, intestine, parathyroid gland, testis, and epididymis were sampled, preserved in 10% formalin and processed to examine histopathological changes by staining with haematoxylin and eosin (HE). The serum enzyme activities of AST and ALT were similar in the treatments, but the activity of LDH was higher (P < 0.01) in processed SKC-fed groups than the control. The weight and size of the liver were decreased in BN group, while those of testes were decreased in both LM and BN groups. The histological sections of the testes and epididymis of lambs from LM group showed hypoplastic seminiferous tubules and empty ductules, respectively. The histological sections of the parathyroid gland in the same diet revealed smaller and non-secretory chief cells. The small intestine of lambs from BN group showed infiltration of mononuclear cells (MNC) in lamina propria with mild fibroplasia in intervillous areas. The histological section of liver from this group showed MNC infiltration in portal areas. The inclusion of water washed SKC in the concentrate mixture of lambs did not show gross pathological and histological alterations in the tissues in the vital organs; however, the activity of LDH was significantly (P = 0.001) elevated in processed SKC-fed groups than the control. Thus, feeding of water washed SKC in the concentrate at 225 g/kg for a longer period do not cause any adverse effect in lambs. This is supported by normal activities of serum enzymes and intact histological features in the tissues of liver, intestine, parathyroid gland and testis.Not Availabl

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Highlights • Ailanthus excelsa and Prosopis cineraria leaves (35% of the diets) was fed to sheep. • Nitrate (0.6% of diet) and fumarate (2% of diet) were added to leaves-based diets. • The additives did not affect intake and nutrient utilization in leaves-based diets. • The additives did not affect rumen fermentation, microbial N and blood profile.This experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrate and fumarate on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and blood biochemical profile in sheep fed on tree leaves-based diet. Thirty two matured male Chokla breed of sheep (2–3 years old and 46.9±0.95 kg average body weight) were equally distributed in a randomized block design in four groups with similar average age and mean body weight. All groups were fed diets containing roughage and concentrate in a 70:30 ratio. Control group (C) was fed with cenchrus (Cenchrus ciliaris) straw as an only roughage source, whereas other three groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed with cenchrus straw, ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaves and khejri (Prosopis cineraria) leaves (50:25:25) as roughage sources. Animals in the T1 group were not supplemented with any feed additive; whereas, animals in the T2 and T3 groups were added with 2% potassium nitrate of the concentrate mixture and 2% fumarate of the dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. There were no effects (P>0.10) of any treatments on DM intake, BW change or nutrient utilization. N retention increased in treatment groups compared with control due to greater amount of N intake. Concentrations of glucose, haemoglobin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and different blood enzyme concentrations were not affected (P>0.10) by any treatments, but concentrations of total protein, globulin and cholesterol in blood were higher for T1 and T3 than for C and T2 treatments. Microbial N supply in terms of digestible OM intake or digestible OM retained in the rumen did not differ among treatments. Total amylase and carboxymethyl cellulase concentrations were similar among the groups. However, total xylanase activity increased in T3 group than other groups. A reduction in average propionate concentration (P=0.020) was observed for the T2 treatment in comparison with the C and T1 groups. Concentrations of ammonia N, total N and trichloroacetate-perceptible N were lower in control than other treatments, but concentrations of soluble N were not affected (P>0.05) by any treatments. In conclusion, fumarate (2% of DM) may be included in the diet of sheep fed with ardu–khejri leaves without affecting nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation, whereas ardu–khejri leaves diet containing nitrate (0.6% of DM) may affect rumen fermentation.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThis experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrate and fumarate on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and blood biochemical profile in sheep fed on tree leaves-based diet. Thirty two matured male Chokla breed of sheep (2–3 years old and 46.9±0.95 kg average body weight) were equally distributed in a randomized block design in four groups with similar average age and mean body weight. All groups were fed diets containing roughage and concentrate in a 70:30 ratio. Control group (C) was fed with cenchrus (Cenchrus ciliaris) straw as an only roughage source, whereas other three groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed with cenchrus straw, ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaves and khejri (Prosopis cineraria) leaves (50:25:25) as roughage sources. Animals in the T1 group were not supplemented with any feed additive; whereas, animals in the T2 and T3 groups were added with 2% potassium nitrate of the concentrate mixture and 2% fumarate of the dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. There were no effects (P>0.10) of any treatments on DM intake, BW change or nutrient utilization. N retention increased in treatment groups compared with control due to greater amount of N intake. Concentrations of glucose, haemoglobin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and different blood enzyme concentrations were not affected (P>0.10) by any treatments, but concentrations of total protein, globulin and cholesterol in blood were higher for T1 and T3 than for C and T2 treatments. Microbial N supply in terms of digestible OM intake or digestible OM retained in the rumen did not differ among treatments. Total amylase and carboxymethyl cellulase concentrations were similar among the groups. However, total xylanase activity increased in T3 group than other groups. A reduction in average propionate concentration (P=0.020) was observed for the T2 treatment in comparison with the C and T1 groups. Concentrations of ammonia N, total N and trichloroacetate-perceptible N were lower in control than other treatments, but concentrations of soluble N were not affected (P>0.05) by any treatments. In conclusion, fumarate (2% of DM) may be included in the diet of sheep fed with ardu–khejri leaves without affecting nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation, whereas ardu–khejri leaves diet containing nitrate (0.6% of DM) may affect rumen fermentation.Not Availabl