Psicopatía y psicopatologías: ¿Puede conceptualizarse la psicopatía como trastorno mental?

Psychopathy is a clinical-forensic, reliable, and valid construct that has been most studied empirically in clinical, legal-forensic, and subclinical contexts. This article examines the current profile of psychopathy and its remarkable distinctions with psychopathologies or mental disorders. Knowledge about historical conceptions and categorical versus dimensional perspectives of psychopathy, emphasizes that this construct has come to be associated with antisocial behavior, crime, and mental disorders. The links between psychopathy and these concepts have been the subject of fervent theoretical debates, which have been cleared up by several empirical studies. This article highlights the main nuances, and some suggestions are given in order for clinicians, forensics, and researchers to converge as to controversial issues which are already resolved in relation to psychopathy, in a singular mode, and to the various psychopathologies, in a plural mode.La psicopatía es un constructo clínico-forense, válido y fiable que ha venido siendo estudiado empíricamente en contextos clínicos, jurídico-forenses y subclínicos. Este artículo analiza el perfil actual de la psicopatía y sus notables distinciones con las psicopatologías o trastornos mentales. El conocimiento sobre las concepciones históricas y las perspectivas categorial versus dimensional de la psicopatía ponen de relieve que este constructo ha venido siendo relacionado con conductas antisociales, delitos y trastornos mentales. Las relaciones entre la psicopatía y estos diversos tópicos han sido objeto de enconados debates teóricos, los cuales han sido disipados a través de numerosas investigaciones empíricas. Este artículo subraya los principales matices al respecto, y se describen algunas sugerencias con objeto de que clínicos, forenses e investigadores traten de confluir en aspectos polémicos ya resueltos al referirse tanto a la psicopatía, en singular, como a las diversas psicopatologías, en plural.

Critically short telomeres and toxicity of chemotherapy in early breast cancer

Cumulative toxicity from weekly paclitaxel (myalgia, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue) compromises long-term administration. Preclinical data suggest that the burden of critically short telomeres ( 21.9% CSTs) had 2-fold higher number of neuropathy (P = 0.04) or fatigue (P = 0.019) episodes and >3-fold higher number of myalgia episodes (P = 0.005). The average telomere length was unrelated to the incidence of side effects.The percentage of CSTs, but not the average telomere size, is associated with weekly paclitaxel-derived toxicity.This work was supported by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria [FIS PI10/00288 and FIS PI13/00430]; AECC Scientific Foundation [Beca de Retorno-2010, to MQF]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Projects [SAF2013-45111-R]; Madrid Regional Government Projects [S2010/BMD- 2303]; AXA Research Found; Fundación Botin; AVON Spain; and Boehringer-Ingelheim Spain.S

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

Peer reviewe

Indicators of psychological abuse associated with the length of relationships between couples

La investigación analiza la variable antigüedad de la relación de pareja y la existencia de manifestaciones de maltrato psicológico en estudiantes universitarios/as. Aporta un mayor conocimiento en lo relativo a la relación entre la antigüedad de pareja y la posibilidad de que aparezcan manifestaciones de maltrato psicológico en el seno de la misma; y analiza la presencia de los diferentes componentes que configuran la interacción coactiva (desvalorización, hostilidad, indiferencia, intimidación, imposición de conductas, culpabilización y bondad aparente) en el sistema conyugal. El estudio pone de manifiesto que conforme las relaciones de noviazgo avanzan en el tiempo, existe una mayor propensión al ejercicio de conductas de violencia psicológica reproduciéndose en mayor medida indicadores como trivializaciones, reproches, indiferencia, intimidación, juzgar, criticar, corregir, conductas destructivas, insistencia abusiva y acusaciones. Asimismo, los resultados indican que los jóvenes presentan en función de la antigüedad de la relación conyugal una mayor frecuencia en "conductas destructivas" y “reproches”. La investigación se desarrolla en el contexto de la Universidad de Extremadura (España). La muestra se compone de 1.080 estudiantes universitarios/as de entre 17 y 23 años ó más. Los hallazgos ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de documentar y concienciar sobre esta gran desconocida forma de maltrato

Application of a child abuse prevention programme in an educational context. [Aplicación de un programa de prevención del maltrato infantil en el contexto educativo]

This study analyses the effectiveness of a child abuse prevention programme in an educational context. The proposal for action is based on the use of stories as an instrument of primary prevention. The programme aims to improve a child’s capacity to face potentially threatening situations and was applied in 10 primary schools of Extremadura (Spain) to 317 pupils aged 9 and 10 years old. There were 12 sessions whose aim was for the children to gain an awareness of abuse, identify situations of abuse and learn strategies to face them. This was done through the use of tutorials and by linking the programme to the aims of the pupils’ educational stage. The evaluation of the programme shows that the pupils in the experimental group resolved the situations with increasing skill, confidence and determination; and that they could see more clearly where to look for help in terms of protection measures. The tutors evaluated the programme positively, considering the contents useful for prevention.El estudio analiza la eficacia de un programa de prevención del maltrato infantil en el contexto educativo. La propuesta de actuación parte de la utilización del cuento como instrumento para la prevención primaria. El programa trata de mejorar las capacidades de los niños para enfrentarse a situaciones potencialmente amenazantes. El programa fue aplicado en 10 colegios de Educación Primaria de Extremadura (España), a un conjunto de 317 alumnos de 9 y 10 años. Se estructura en 12 sesiones en las que se trata de que los niños tomen conciencia del maltrato, identifiquen situaciones de abuso y aprendan estrategias de afrontamiento, utilizando para ello la acción tutorial y vinculando el programa a los objetivos de la etapa educativa de los alumnos. La evaluación del programa, demuestra cómo los alumnos del grupo experimental resuelven las situaciones con mayor habilidad, confianza y firmeza, y tienen más claro cuáles son las fuentes de ayuda a las que recurrir como medida de protección. Los tutores valoran positivamente el programa, considerando los contenidos útiles para la prevención

Application of a child abuse prevention programme in an educational context

El estudio analiza la eficacia de un programa de prevención del maltrato infantil en el contexto educativo. La propuesta de actuación parte de la utilización del cuento como instrumento para la prevención primaria. El programa trata de mejorar las capacidades de los niños para enfrentarse a situaciones potencialmente amenazantes. El programa fue aplicado en 10 colegios de Educación Primaria de Extremadura (España), a un conjunto de 317 alumnos de 9 y 10 años. Se estructura en 12 sesiones en las que se trata de que los niños tomen conciencia del maltrato, identifiquen situaciones de abuso y aprendan estrategias de afrontamiento, utilizando para ello la acción tutorial y vinculando el programa a los objetivos de la etapa educativa de los alumnos. La evaluación del programa, demuestra cómo los alumnos del grupo experimental resuelven las situaciones con mayor habilidad, confianza y firmeza, y tienen más claro cuáles son las fuentes de ayuda a las que recurrir como medida de protección. Los tutores valoran positivamente el programa, considerando los contenidos útiles para la prevención.This study analyses the effectiveness of a child abuse prevention programme in an educational context. The proposal for action is based on the use of stories as an instrument of primary prevention. The programme aims to improve a child’s capacity to face potentially threatening situations and was applied in 10 primary schools of Extremadura (Spain) to 317 pupils aged 9 and 10 years old. There were 12 sessions whose aim was for the children to gain an awareness of abuse, identify situations of abuse and learn strategies to face them. This was done through the use of tutorials and by linking the programme to the aims of the pupils’ educational stage. The evaluation of the programme shows that the pupils in the experimental group resolved the situations with increasing skill, confidence and determination; and that they could see more clearly where to look for help in terms of protection measures. The tutors evaluated the programme positively, considering the contents useful for prevention

The psychopathic intimate partner batterer: A non-psychopathological profile

En este estudio teórico se hace una revisión sobre dos de los perfiles de maltratadores conyugales más citados en la literatura científica, resaltando específicamente las diferencias más notables entre ambos, así como también los criterios en los cuales convergen. Se debate también una de las controversias más prolongadas a través de los diversos estudios de investigación, incluyéndose la concreta panorámica al respecto en España, que es la referente a la constante y errónea equiparación entre psicopatía y trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. Asimismo, se presta especial atención a las implicaciones derivadas de considerar a los maltratadores conyugales bien con un perfil psicopatológico o bien con un perfil psicopático, haciendo especial hincapié en el papel específico que juega la psicopatía en el maltrato conyugal y poniendo de relieve aspectos concernientes a los maltratadores psicópatas tales como sus motivaciones específicas para perpetrar violencia conyugal y los instrumentos de evaluación de este concreto perfil. Finalmente, se señalan una serie de directrices futuras de investigación sobre el perfil del maltratador psicopático.This theoretical study reviews two of the most cited profiles of intimate partner batterers in the scientific literature, paying special attention to the most notable differences between them, as well as to their common criteria. The study also discusses one of the longest standing controversies in various research studies, including the particular overview with respect to Spain: it being the constant yet erroneous reference to the equivalence of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Similarly, special attention is paid to the implications of considering intimate partner batterers as having either a psychopathological or psychopathic profile, while also stressing the specific role played by psychopathy in the intimate partner batterer and, concerning psychopathic intimate partner batterers, such aspects as their specific motives for perpetrating intimate partner violence and the evaluation instruments of this particular profile. Finally, a series of future directives for research concerning psychopathic intimate partner batterers are also pointed out

Changes in Mental Health of Children and Young People in Residential Care: Outcomes and Associated Factors

Several studies have evidenced that children in out-of-home care (OOHC), including foster family care and residential care, reveal high levels of mental health disorders (ranging from 40% to 88%). This study examines the outcomes in mental health reported by key residential workers in a group of children and youth (N = 492) between 8-17 years old who were in residential child care (RCC) in Spain. The research also aims to explore the relationship between mental health outcomes and the provision of mental health services (i.e., receiving any mental health treatment) as well as the influence of child, family, and placement factors. The design of this study includes two measures: a baseline (T1) and a follow-up two years later (T2). The results indicated that 29.9% of young people enjoyed sustained mental health; 26% meaningful improvement in their mental health; 23.5% meaningful deterioration; and the remaining 20.5% showed no meaningful change. One of the main findings was that receiving mental health treatment had a significant impact on mental health outcomes. It is crucial to establish protocols and systematic detection tools to assess mental health and ensure detection and referral to proper treatment