15 research outputs found

    Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

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    ience, this issue p. eaap8757 Structured Abstract INTRODUCTION Brain disorders may exhibit shared symptoms and substantial epidemiological comorbidity, inciting debate about their etiologic overlap. However, detailed study of phenotypes with different ages of onset, severity, and presentation poses a considerable challenge. Recently developed heritability methods allow us to accurately measure correlation of genome-wide common variant risk between two phenotypes from pools of different individuals and assess how connected they, or at least their genetic risks, are on the genomic level. We used genome-wide association data for 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants, as well as 17 phenotypes from a total of 1,191,588 individuals, to quantify the degree of overlap for genetic risk factors of 25 common brain disorders. RATIONALE Over the past century, the classification of brain disorders has evolved to reflect the medical and scientific communities' assessments of the presumed root causes of clinical phenomena such as behavioral change, loss of motor function, or alterations of consciousness. Directly observable phenomena (such as the presence of emboli, protein tangles, or unusual electrical activity patterns) generally define and separate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders. Understanding the genetic underpinnings and categorical distinctions for brain disorders and related phenotypes may inform the search for their biological mechanisms. RESULTS Common variant risk for psychiatric disorders was shown to correlate significantly, especially among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. By contrast, neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders, except for migraine, which was significantly correlated to ADHD, MDD, and Tourette syndrome. We demonstrate that, in the general population, the personality trait neuroticism is significantly correlated with almost every psychiatric disorder and migraine. We also identify significant genetic sharing between disorders and early life cognitive measures (e.g., years of education and college attainment) in the general population, demonstrating positive correlation with several psychiatric disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder) and negative correlation with several neurological phenotypes (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke), even though the latter are considered to result from specific processes that occur later in life. Extensive simulations were also performed to inform how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity influence genetic correlations. CONCLUSION The high degree of genetic correlation among many of the psychiatric disorders adds further evidence that their current clinical boundaries do not reflect distinct underlying pathogenic processes, at least on the genetic level. This suggests a deeply interconnected nature for psychiatric disorders, in contrast to neurological disorders, and underscores the need to refine psychiatric diagnostics. Genetically informed analyses may provide important "scaffolding" to support such restructuring of psychiatric nosology, which likely requires incorporating many levels of information. By contrast, we find limited evidence for widespread common genetic risk sharing among neurological disorders or across neurological and psychiatric disorders. We show that both psychiatric and neurological disorders have robust correlations with cognitive and personality measures. Further study is needed to evaluate whether overlapping genetic contributions to psychiatric pathology may influence treatment choices. Ultimately, such developments may pave the way toward reduced heterogeneity and improved diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders

    Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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    Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

    Fatores ambientais que afetam a produção e a composição do leite em rebanhos assistidos por cooperativas no Rio Grande do Sul

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    O experimento foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar os efeitos de suplementação energética com sorgo moído sobre o desenvolvimento corporal de novilhos de corte em pastejo. Sessenta e cinco novilhos (12 a 15 meses de idade, sem raça definida, com 140 kg de peso vivo médio) foram mantidos em pastejo contínuo em uma pastagem natural melhorada com Lotus subbiflorus e invadida por Eragrostis planna, Ness. Os tratamentos consistiram de controle (T0), sem suplemento; 0,75% do peso vivo (T0,75); e 1,5% do peso vivo (T1,5) de grão de sorgo moído fornecido. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos tratamentos, segundo o delineamento completamente casualizado. Na média geral do experimento, houve efeito linear dos níveis de suplemento sobre o ganho de peso diário, de 0,36; 0,52 e 0,76 kg/animal/dia, respectivamente, para os tratamentos T0, T0,75 e T1,5. A suplementação energética permitiu maior ganho de peso nos animais suplementados em relação aos controle, durante todo o período experimental.en The trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of energy supplementation with ground sorghum grain on grazing beef steers weight gain. Sixty five steers without definite breed, aging 12 to 15 months and weighing an average 140 kg of live weight were kept under set stocking on a natural pasture improved with Lotus subbiflorus. Treatments consisted of control or without supplement (T0); 0.75% of mean live weight (T0.75) and 1.5% of mean live weight (T1.75) of ground sorghum grain. Animals were randomly assigned to treatments according to a complete randomized design. Considering the overall mean of the trial, supplement levels showed a linear positive effect on daily weight gain, of 0.36, 0.52 and 0.76 kg/animal for T0, T0.75 and T1.5, respectively. Energy supplementation resulted in greater weight gains for supplemented animals compared to not supplemented animals, during all the experiment

    Comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhas Jersey sob suplementação com farelo de milho em pastagem de azevém anual

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    O objetivo neste trabalho foi observar o comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhas Jersey em pastejo, submetidas a suplementação com farelo de milho. Foram utilizadas seis novilhas da raça Jersey, com 6 a 9 meses de idade e peso médio de 105,65 ± 18,2 kg, mantidas em uma pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), em pastejo contínuo, com lotação variável. Como suplemento, foi fornecido, diariamente às 14 h, farelo de milho na quantidade de 1% do peso vivo. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um delineamento completamente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, composto de dois tratamentos (com e sem suplementação de farelo de milho), cada um com três animais, durante quatro períodos experimentais. A avaliação do comportamento ingestivo foi realizada visualmente, registrando-se os tempos gastos pastando, ruminando e descansando entre 7 h e 18h30. Os animais que não receberam suplemento apresentaram maior tempo de pastejo, porém menor tempo de descanso e menos períodos de pastejo e descanso que os animais sob suplementação. A suplementação influenciou o comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhas Jersey.The trial was conducted to evaluate the effects supplementation with ground corn on grazing dairy heifers diurnal ingestive behavior. Six Jersey heifers, aged of 6 to 9 months and weighing 105.65 ± 18.2 kg, were used. Heifers were grouped into three animals “testers”, and kept in an annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture, under continuous grazing, with variable stocking rate. Two treatments were used, one as control (no supplement) and another supplemented with ground corn being assigned three animals “testers” for each treatment. Daily, at 14 h, the ground corn was fed at 1% LW. Animals were randomly assigned to treatments according to a split splot completely randomized design during four experimental periods. Ingestive behavior was evaluated visually and recorded diurnal times spent grazing, ruminating and idling between 7 am and 6:30 pm. Non supplemented animals showed larger grazing time, but shorter idling time, besides fewer grazing and idling periods than supplemented animals. Supplementation affected the diurnal ingestive behavior of Jersey heifers

    Comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhas Jersey sob suplementação com farelo de milho em pastagem de azevém anual

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    O objetivo neste trabalho foi observar o comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhas Jersey em pastejo, submetidas a suplementação com farelo de milho. Foram utilizadas seis novilhas da raça Jersey, com 6 a 9 meses de idade e peso médio de 105,65 ± 18,2 kg, mantidas em uma pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), em pastejo contínuo, com lotação variável. Como suplemento, foi fornecido, diariamente às 14 h, farelo de milho na quantidade de 1% do peso vivo. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um delineamento completamente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, composto de dois tratamentos (com e sem suplementação de farelo de milho), cada um com três animais, durante quatro períodos experimentais. A avaliação do comportamento ingestivo foi realizada visualmente, registrando-se os tempos gastos pastando, ruminando e descansando entre 7 h e 18h30. Os animais que não receberam suplemento apresentaram maior tempo de pastejo, porém menor tempo de descanso e menos períodos de pastejo e descanso que os animais sob suplementação. A suplementação influenciou o comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhas Jersey.The trial was conducted to evaluate the effects supplementation with ground corn on grazing dairy heifers diurnal ingestive behavior. Six Jersey heifers, aged of 6 to 9 months and weighing 105.65 ± 18.2 kg, were used. Heifers were grouped into three animals “testers”, and kept in an annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture, under continuous grazing, with variable stocking rate. Two treatments were used, one as control (no supplement) and another supplemented with ground corn being assigned three animals “testers” for each treatment. Daily, at 14 h, the ground corn was fed at 1% LW. Animals were randomly assigned to treatments according to a split splot completely randomized design during four experimental periods. Ingestive behavior was evaluated visually and recorded diurnal times spent grazing, ruminating and idling between 7 am and 6:30 pm. Non supplemented animals showed larger grazing time, but shorter idling time, besides fewer grazing and idling periods than supplemented animals. Supplementation affected the diurnal ingestive behavior of Jersey heifers

    Fatores ambientais que afetam a produção e a composição do leite em rebanhos assistidos por cooperativas no Rio Grande do sul

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    Neste estudo, avaliaram-se os efeitos de alguns fatores ambientais sobre a produção, a composição química e a contagem de células somáticas do leite em rebanhos vinculados às cooperativas no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram utilizados dados de um programa de controle leiteiro durante cinco anos, totalizando 165.311 observações, para analisar os seguintes efeitos ambientais: ano e mês do controle leiteiro, idade ao parto, tempo em controle leiteiro e estádio da lactação. A produção média de leite foi de 19,36 L/vaca/dia. Foi encontrada maior produção de leite em vacas de 5 a 6 anos de idade ao parto, nos primeiros 60 dias de lactação, nos meses de inverno e em rebanhos com mais tempo em controle leiteiro. Maior número de células somáticas foi relacionado à redução na produção de leite. Houve menor teor de gordura e de proteína no leite nos primeiros 60 dias de lactação e aumento desses componentes com o aumento no número de células somáticas. A concentração de lactose no leite diminuiu significativamente à medida que aumentaram as células somáticas e a idade ao parto. A contagem de células somáticas aumentou com a idade da vaca e à medida que avançou a lactação. Nos meses de inverno, verificaram-se valores mais elevados de proteína, gordura e lactose, possivelmente como conseqüência da alimentação com gramíneas temperadas. Os resultados revelam a importância das variações ambientais no estudo da composição do leite

    Ganho de peso de novilhos mantidos em pastagem natural na encosta do sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul, recebendo níveis crescentes de suplementação energética

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    O experimento foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar os efeitos de suplementação energética com sorgo moído sobre o desenvolvimento corporal de novilhos de corte em pastejo. Sessenta e cinco novilhos (12 a 15 meses de idade, sem raça definida, com 140 kg de peso vivo médio) foram mantidos em pastejo contínuo em uma pastagem natural melhorada com Lotus subbiflorus e invadida por Eragrostis planna, Ness. Os tratamentos consistiram de controle (T0), sem suplemento; 0,75% do peso vivo (T0,75); e 1,5% do peso vivo (T1,5) de grão de sorgo moído fornecido. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos tratamentos, segundo o delineamento completamente casualizado. Na média geral do experimento, houve efeito linear dos níveis de suplemento sobre o ganho de peso diário, de 0,36; 0,52 e 0,76 kg/animal/dia, respectivamente, para os tratamentos T0, T0,75 e T1,5. A suplementação energética permitiu maior ganho de peso nos animais suplementados em relação aos controle, durante todo o período experimental.The trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of energy supplementation with ground sorghum grain on grazing beef steers weight gain. Sixty five steers without definite breed, aging 12 to 15 months and weighing an average 140 kg of live weight were kept under set stocking on a natural pasture improved with Lotus subbiflorus. Treatments consisted of control or without supplement (T0); 0.75% of mean live weight (T0.75) and 1.5% of mean live weight (T1.75) of ground sorghum grain. Animals were randomly assigned to treatments according to a complete randomized design. Considering the overall mean of the trial, supplement levels showed a linear positive effect on daily weight gain, of 0.36, 0.52 and 0.76 kg/animal for T0, T0.75 and T1.5, respectively. Energy supplementation resulted in greater weight gains for supplemented animals compared to not supplemented animals, during all the experiment

    Comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhos em pastejo submetidos a níveis crescentes de suplementação energética

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    O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar o comportamento ingestivo de novilhos de corte em pastejo submetidos a diferentes níveis de suplementação energética. Foram utilizados 38 novilhos de raça não definida, de 12 a 15 meses de idade, com peso médio de 159,97 kg. Os animais foram mantidos sob pastejo contínuo em uma pastagem nativa melhorada com Lotus subbiflorus e invadida por Eragrostis planna Ness. Dois níveis de sorgo moído foram fornecidos como suplemento energético e os tratamentos consistiram de: controle (T0), sem suplemento; 0,75% do peso vivo (T0.75) e 1,5% do peso vivo (T1.5). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente aos tratamentos, segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e avaliados durante quatro períodos. Na média geral do experimento, os tempos diurnos de pastejo (PA) (P=0,0059), ruminação total (RT) (P=0,0013) e caminhada (P=0,0076) variaram de forma quadrática, com os níveis de suplementação apresentando os maiores valores para, respectivamente, controle, T0.75 e T1.5. O tempo de descanso (DT) aumentou linearmente com o incremento dos níveis de suplemento (P=0.0001). A taxa de bocados e o número total de bocados variaram, respectivamente, de forma linear (P=0,0001) e quadrática (P=0,0002), com o aumento nos níveis de suplementação. Não foram encontradas diferenças para estações alimentares visitadas por minuto e tempo de permanência no cocho entre os tratamentos.The trial aimed to observe the ingestive behavior of grazing beef steers submitted to different energetic supplementation levels and kept under an improved natural pasture. Thirty eight beef steers without definite breed, aging 12 to 15 months and weighing 159,97 kg were used. Animals were kept under set stocking in a natural pasture improved with Lotus Subbiflorus and invaded with Eragrostis plana Ness. Two levels of ground sorghum grain were offered as an energetic supplement, and treatments consisted of control or without supplement (T0); 0,75% of mean live weight (T0.75), 1,5% of mean live weight (T0.75). Animals were randomly assigned to treatments according to a complete randomized design. Considering the overall mean, diurnal grazing time (P=0.0059), total rumination time (P=0.0013) and walking time (P=0.0076) followed by a quadratic trend in relation to the supplement levels, and showed larger values for control, T0.75 and T1.5, respectively. Diurnal idling followed a positive linear trend with increasing supplementation levels (P=0.0001). Biting rate and total bites number followed linear (P=0.0001) and quadratic trends (P=0.0002), respectively, with increasing supplementation levels. There were no differences for feeding stations visited per minute and for time spent at the trough between treatments

    Comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhos em pastejo submetidos a níveis crescentes de suplementação energética

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    O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar o comportamento ingestivo de novilhos de corte em pastejo submetidos a diferentes níveis de suplementação energética. Foram utilizados 38 novilhos de raça não definida, de 12 a 15 meses de idade, com peso médio de 159,97 kg. Os animais foram mantidos sob pastejo contínuo em uma pastagem nativa melhorada com Lotus subbiflorus e invadida por Eragrostis planna Ness. Dois níveis de sorgo moído foram fornecidos como suplemento energético e os tratamentos consistiram de: controle (T0), sem suplemento; 0,75% do peso vivo (T0.75) e 1,5% do peso vivo (T1.5). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente aos tratamentos, segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e avaliados durante quatro períodos. Na média geral do experimento, os tempos diurnos de pastejo (PA) (P=0,0059), ruminação total (RT) (P=0,0013) e caminhada (P=0,0076) variaram de forma quadrática, com os níveis de suplementação apresentando os maiores valores para, respectivamente, controle, T0.75 e T1.5. O tempo de descanso (DT) aumentou linearmente com o incremento dos níveis de suplemento (P=0.0001). A taxa de bocados e o número total de bocados variaram, respectivamente, de forma linear (P=0,0001) e quadrática (P=0,0002), com o aumento nos níveis de suplementação. Não foram encontradas diferenças para estações alimentares visitadas por minuto e tempo de permanência no cocho entre os tratamentos.The trial aimed to observe the ingestive behavior of grazing beef steers submitted to different energetic supplementation levels and kept under an improved natural pasture. Thirty eight beef steers without definite breed, aging 12 to 15 months and weighing 159,97 kg were used. Animals were kept under set stocking in a natural pasture improved with Lotus Subbiflorus and invaded with Eragrostis plana Ness. Two levels of ground sorghum grain were offered as an energetic supplement, and treatments consisted of control or without supplement (T0); 0,75% of mean live weight (T0.75), 1,5% of mean live weight (T0.75). Animals were randomly assigned to treatments according to a complete randomized design. Considering the overall mean, diurnal grazing time (P=0.0059), total rumination time (P=0.0013) and walking time (P=0.0076) followed by a quadratic trend in relation to the supplement levels, and showed larger values for control, T0.75 and T1.5, respectively. Diurnal idling followed a positive linear trend with increasing supplementation levels (P=0.0001). Biting rate and total bites number followed linear (P=0.0001) and quadratic trends (P=0.0002), respectively, with increasing supplementation levels. There were no differences for feeding stations visited per minute and for time spent at the trough between treatments
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