Transcriptional Elongation and mRNA Export Are Coregulated Processes

Chromatin structure complexity requires the interaction and coordinated work of a multiplicity of factors at different transcriptional regulation stages. Transcription control comprises a set of processes that ensures proper balance in the gene expression under different conditions, such as signals, metabolic states, or development. We could frame those steps from epigenetic marks to mRNA stability to support the holistic view of a fine-tune balance of final mRNA levels through mRNA transcription, export, stability, translation, and degradation. Transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is a key process in regulated gene expression. Transcriptional elongation and mRNA export are coregulated steps that determine the mature mRNA levels in the cytoplasm. In this paper, recent insights into the coordination of these processes in eukaryotes will be summarised

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Pseudorapidity and transverse-momentum distributions of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The pseudorapidity (eta) and transverse-momentum (p(T)) distributions of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions are measured at the centre-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV. The pseudorapidity distribution in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1.8 is reported for inelastic events and for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in the pseudorapidity region vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.5 is 5.31 +/- 0.18 and 6.46 +/- 0.19 for the two event classes, respectively. The transverse-momentum distribution of charged particles is measured in the range 0.15 <p(T) <20 GeV/c and vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.8 for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The evolution of the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles is also investigated as a function of event multiplicity. The results are compared with calculations from PYTHIA and EPOS Monte Carlo generators. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Las glutaredoxinas monotiólicas como reguladoras redox de proteínas: estudios funcionales y evolutivos en Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Les glutaredoxines són tiol oxidoreductases que regulen l'estat redox dels grups sulfidril de les proteïnes. Al llevat Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx1 i Grx2 són glutaredoxines ditiòliques localitzades al citosol, mentres que Grx3, Grx4 i Grx5 són monotiòliques. Grx5 es localitza a la matriu mitocondrial i participa en la síntesi de centres ferro/sofre (Fe/S). Quan és absent, enzims amb centres Fe/S com l'aconitasa són inactives, no hi ha creixement en condicions respiratòries, hi ha acumulació de ferro intracel.lular i es produeix una oxidació constitutiva de proteïnes. Grx5 conté un domini tioredoxina simple. En canvi, Grx3 i Grx4 posseeixen un domini de tipus tioredoxina unit al domini glutaredoxina. Aquestes darreres dues proteïnes es localitzen al nucli, éssent el domini tioredoxina necessari per aquesta localització. S'ha utilitzat el mutant nul &#61508;grx5 com model de cèl·lules que manifesten un estrés oxidatiu endògen constitutiu (oposat a les situacions on l'estrés és provocat per un estímul extern) per tal d'estudiar el transcriptoma cel·lular en les esmentades condicions. Així, s'ha observat que: (i) s'indueixen principalment gens del reguló Aft1 involucrats en la captació i utilització de ferro, i (ii) es reprimeix l'expressió de gens implicats en el metabolisme respiratori depenents del regulador Hap4. Aquest darrer efecte és suprimit per la sobreexpressió de HAP4, de manera que la inhibició del metabolisme respiratori en condicions moderadament oxidants podria constituir una resposta protectora per part de les cèl.lules del llevat. Utilitzant una construcció capaç d'internalitzar proteïnes a la mitocondria mitjançant la senyal de localització mitocondrial de Grx5, s'ha demostrat que les glutaredoxines ditiòliques de S. cerevisiae no poden rescatar els defectes d'un mutant &#61508;grx5, mentres que les monotiòliques Grx3 i Grx4 sí que ho fan quan són adreçades a la matriu mitocondrial. Això demostra que les glutaredoxines ditiòliques són funcionalment divergents de les monotiòliques, però que aquestes darreres poden intercanviar les seues activitats biològiques entre elles quan s'eliminen les barreres dels compartiments cel.lulars. La conservació funcional entre glutaredoxines monotiòliques s'extén al llarg de l'escala evolutiva, ja que els defectes del mutant &#61508;grx5 de S. cerevisiae són també suprimits per altres proteïnes de la mateixa família com són Grx4 de Escherichia coli, GrxC de Synechocystis sp. i les respectives proteïnes homòlogues de pollastre i de cèl.lules humanes.Las glutaredoxinas son tiol oxidoreductasas que regulan el estado redox de los grupos sulfidrilo de las proteínas. En la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx1 y Grx2 son glutaredoxinas ditiólicas localizadas en el citosol, mientras que Grx3, Grx4 y Grx5 son monotiólicas. Grx5 se localiza en la matriz mitocondrial y está involucrada en la síntesis de centros hierro/azufre (Fe/S). En su ausencia, enzimas con centros Fe/S como la aconitasa son inactivas, no hay crecimiento en condiciones respiratorias, hay acumulación de hierro intracelular y se produce una oxidación constitutiva de proteínas. Mientras que Grx5 contiene un dominio glutaredoxina simple, Grx3 y Grx4 poseen un domino tipo tioredoxina fusionado al dominio glutaredoxina. Estas dos últimas proteínas se localizan en el núcleo, siendo el dominio tioredoxina necesario para tal localización. Se ha utilizado el mutante nulo &#61508;grx5 como modelo de células que manifiestan un estrés oxidativo endógeno constitutivo (opuesto a las situaciones de estrés provocadas por un estímulo externo) para estudiar el transcriptoma celular en dichas condiciones. Se ha observado que: (i) se inducen principalmente genes del regulón Aft1 involucrados en la captación y utilización de hierro, y (ii) se reprime la expresión de genes implicados en el metabolismo respiratorio dependientes del regulador Hap4. Este último efecto es suprimido por la sobreexpresión de HAP4, de modo que la inhibición del metabolismo respiratorio durante condiciones moderadamente oxidantes podría constituir una respuesta protectora por parte de las células de la levadura. Utilizando una construcción capaz de internalizar proteínas en la mitocondria gracias a la señal de localización mitocondrial de Grx5, se ha demostrado que las glutaredoxinas ditiólicas de S. cerevisiae no son capaces de rescatar los defectos de un mutante &#61508;grx5, en tanto que las monotiólicas Grx3 y Grx4 sí lo hacen cuando son dirigidas a la matriz mitocondrial. Ello demuestra que las glutaredoxinas ditiólicas son funcionalmente divergentes de las monotiólicas, pero que estas últimas pueden intercambiar entre ellas sus actividades biológicas cuando se sobrepasan las barreras compartimentales. La conservación funcional entre glutaredoxinas monotiólicas se extiende a lo largo de toda la escala evolutiva, dado que los defectos del mutante &#61508;grx5 de S. cerevisiae son también suprimidos por otras proteínas de la misma familia como son Grx4 de Escherichia coli, GrxC de Synechocystis sp. y las respectivas proteínas homólogas de pollo y de células humanas.Monothiol glutaredoxins are thiol oxidoreductases that regulate the redox state of sulfhydryl groups in proteins. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx1 and Grx2 are dithiol glutaredoxins located at the cytosol, while Grx3, Grx4 and Grx5 are monothiol ones. Grx5 is located at the mitochondrial matrix and is involved in the synthesis of iron/sulfur (Fe/S) centers. In its absence, enzymes with Fe/S centers such as aconitase are inactive, there is no growth in respiratory conditions, iron is accumulated inside the cells and a constitutive oxidation of proteins occurs. While Grx5 contains a single glutaredoxin domain, Grx3 and Grx4 have a thioredoxin type domain fused to the glutaredoxin domain. These two proteins are located at the nucleus, the thioredoxin domain being necessary for such location. The null &#61508;grx5 mutant has been used as a model for cells that display constitutive endogenous oxidative stress (as opposed to situations where the stress is caused by external stimulus), in order to study the cell transcriptome in such conditions. Thus, it has been observed that: (i) there is a general induction of the Aft1 regulon genes involved in iron uptake and utilization, and (ii) there is a repression of genes required for respiratory metabolism that depend on the Hap4 regulator. This latter effect is suppressed by the overexpression of HAP4. It is proposed that inhibition of respiratory metabolism during moderately oxidative conditions would constitute a protective response by the yeast cells. By using a genetic construction that is able to internalize proteins into the mitochondria by means of the mitochondrial targeting sequence of Grx5, it has been demonstrated that the S. cerevisiae monothiol glutaredoxins are unable to rescue the defects of a &#61508;grx5 mutant, while the monothiol ones Grx3 and Grx4 rescue such defects when internalized into the mitochondrial matrix. This fact demonstrates that dithiol glutaredoxins are functionally divergent from monothiol ones, but these latter can interchange their biological activities when the compartment barriers are surpassed. Functional conservation among monothiol glutaredoxins extends along the evolutive scale, since the defects of the &#61508;grx5 mutant of S. cerevisiae are also suppressed by other proteins of the same family such as Grx4 of Escherichia coli, GrxC of Synechocystis sp. and the respective homologues of chicken and human cells

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Chromatin structure complexity requires the interaction and coordinated work of a multiplicity of factors at different transcriptional regulation stages. Transcription control comprises a set of processes that ensures proper balance in the gene expression under different conditions, such as signals, metabolic states, or development. We could frame those steps from epigenetic marks to mRNA stability to support the holistic view of a fine-tune balance of final mRNA levels through mRNA transcription, export, stability, translation, and degradation. Transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is a key process in regulated gene expression. Transcriptional elongation and mRNA export are coregulated steps that determine the mature mRNA levels in the cytoplasm. In this paper, recent insights into the coordination of these processes in eukaryotes will be summarised

Melatonin protects rats from radiotherapy-induced small intestine toxicity.

Radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity is among the most prevalent dose-limiting toxicities following radiotherapy. Prevention of radiation enteropathy requires protection of the small intestine. However, despite the prevalence and burden of this pathology, there are currently no effective treatments for radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity, and this pathology remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the changes induced in the rat small intestine after external irradiation of the tongue, and to explore the potential radio-protective effects of melatonin gel. Male Wistar rats were subjected to irradiation of their tongues with an X-Ray YXLON Y.Tu 320-D03 irradiator, receiving a dose of 7.5 Gy/day for 5 days. For 21 days post-irradiation, rats were treated with 45 mg/day melatonin gel or vehicle, by local application into their mouths. Our results showed that mitochondrial oxidative stress, bioenergetic impairment, and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation were involved in the development of radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity. Oral treatment with melatonin gel had a protective effect in the small intestine, which was associated with mitochondrial protection and, consequently, with a reduced inflammatory response, blunting the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling activation. Thus, rats treated with melatonin gel showed reduced intestinal apoptosis, relieving mucosal dysfunction and facilitating intestinal mucosa recovery. Our findings suggest that oral treatment with melatonin gel may be a potential preventive therapy for radiotherapy-induced gut toxicity in cancer patients