Relationship of soil properties to transformation of carbonate rocks into soils

Soils developed from carbonate rocks and having thick, reddish, clayey B horizons occupy extensive areas in parts of the United States. The study was designed to determine some of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of such soils and to evaluate changes that have occurred as a result of weathering of carbonate rock and ensuing devel-opment of soils. Major emphasis was placed on the zone near the soil-rock interface. Three Ultisols and one Alfisol in East Tennessee were selected for the study. The soil series represented were Dunmore, Fullerton, and Talbott. A special sampling technique assured sampling of \u27in situ\u27 residuum at one sampling location. Field studies showed variable depth to carbonate rocks. Near the rock, a thin distinctly banded zone was documented in all of the soils. An observed general decrease with depth of volumes of \u3e 2mm fragments was documented by laboratory studies. Bulk density studies indicated maximum densities at depths between 38 and 100 cm. Particle size distribution analyses showed maximum clay contents of 70 to 80 percent in B horizons. Clay content of the zone near the carbonate rock was highly variable in the soils. Clay-free particle size distributions showed wide variations in amounts and distri-bution of sands. The thicker Dunmore and Fullerton are more highly leached than the thinner Talbott soil. Minimum pH occurs in mid-B horizons of all the soils. In the Talbott, the minimum is 6.7 while the deeper soils have minima near 5.0. Soil pH increases with distance above and below the minima. Base saturations show similar trends to pH and are highest in the zone near the carbonate rock. Amounts of extractable acidity are highest in the zone near the carbonate rock. Amounts of extractable acidity are greatest in horizons with low pH and large amounts of clay. Large amounts (3 to 6 meq/100g) of extractable acidity were measured in bands near the rock having pH ≥ 7.0. Organic matter content is greatest (1-4 percent) in surface hori-zons and decreases rapidly with depth. A unique feature of all the soils is an abrupt increase in organic matter content only a few centimeters from the carbonate rock. Total P content of the soils ranges from 40 to 600 ppm. Largest amounts are in surface horizons and in the zone near the carbonate rock. Amounts of extractable P are low (1-17 ppm) and have the same general trends as total P; however, in bands near the rock, largest amounts of extractable P do not always coincide with either largest amounts of total P or organic matter. Free iron distribution generally parallels the distribution of clay. Largest amounts (two to six percent Fe) are in B2t. horizons. Sur-face horizons and the thin band lying on the carbonate rock contain smaller amounts; one to two percent in surface horizons compared to \u3c 0.5 percent adjacent to the rock. Evaluation of formation and movement of clays and volume changes that result from soil formation indicate large volumes of rock are required to form the soils. Formation of clays is indicated in all the soils by a net decrease of nonclay fractions. X-ray diffraction of two clay-size fractions revealed goethite and hematite throughout B horizons in all the soils. Lesser amounts were identified in A horizons and in the bands nearest the rock. Quartz was identified as an important component of the clay fraction in all the soils. Feldspars were identified in clays from all the soils. Largest amounts were in limestone residues and in bands near the rock. In and above the banded zone, the amounts of feldspars decrease to rather small amounts throughout the soil B and A horizons. Phyllosilicate mineralogy of the soils is dominated by kaolinite, together with micaceous minerals and their alteration (interstratifica-tion) products. Residues from the carbonate rocks underlying the four soils contain three different suites of phyllosilicate minerals. They are (1) micaceous clays at the Talbott site, (2) micaceous clays and small amounts of kaolinite at the Fullerton site, and (3) micaceous clays, expanding-chlorite, and small amounts of kaolinite at both Dunmore sites. Expanding-chlorite decreases with distance from the rock in the Dunmore soils and cannot be identified in horizons more than about 20 cm from the unweathered rock. The decrease generally coincides with de-creasing pH above the rock. The micaceous clays from the carbonate rock undergo a depletion of K and subsequent interstratification. The alterations may be expressed as: micaceous minerals → interstratified minerals → soil-vermiculite. The degree of interstratification and resultant development of soil-vermiculite increases with increased intensity of weathering and thus, with increasing distance from the carbonate rock. As a result, maximum relative amounts of soil-vermiculite are in surface horizons and minima are in the bands adjacent to the rock. Small amounts of expanding-lattice layers are also present in the interstratified mineral in clays which give recognizable 10A peaks. Kaolinite is an important mineral in all horizons above the unweathered rock. The distribution in all the soils is similar whether or not the mineral is present in the underlying rock. The amounts of kao-linite increase rapidly with distance above the rock and reach apparent relative maxima within 20 cm of the rock in all the soils. Above these zones, the relative amounts remain nearly uniform with increasing distance from the rock

Predicting Medical Student Success on Licensure Exams

Many schools seek to predict performance on national exams required for medical school graduation using prematriculation and medical school performance data. The need for targeted intervention strategies for at-risk students has led much of this interest. Assumptions that preadmission data and high stakes in-house medical exams correlate strongly with national standardized exam performance needs to be examined. Looking at prematriculation data for predicting USMLE Step 1 performance, we found that MCAT exam totals and math-science GPA had the best prediction from a set of prematriculation values (adjusted R 2 = 11.7 %) for step 1. The addition of scores from the first medical school exam improved our predictive capabilities with a linear model to 27.9 %. As we added data to the model, we increased our predictive values as expected. However, it was not until we added data from year 2 exams that we started to get step 1 prediction values that exceeded 50 %. Stepwise addition of more exams in year two resulted in much higher predictive values but also led to the exclusion of many early variables. Therefore, our best step 1 predictive value of around 76.7 % consisted of three variables from a total of 37. These data suggest that the preadmission information is a relatively poor predictor of licensure exam performance and that including class exam scores allows for much more accurate determination of students who ultimately proved to be at risk for performance on their licensure exams. The continuous use of this data, as it becomes available, for assisting at-risk students is discussed (251)

Impact of preoperative chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) application methods on preoperative CHG skin concentration

Elective surgical patients routinely bathe with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) at home days prior to their procedures. However, the impact of home CHG bathing on surgical site CHG concentration is unclear. We examined 3 different methods of applying CHG and hypothesized that different application methods would impact resulting CHG skin concentration

Orally Bioavailable Androgen Receptor Degrader, Potential Next-Generation Therapeutic for Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Acknowledgement. BGS acknowledges work performed at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, a DOE Office of Science User Facility. VB acknowledges Laboratory Directed Research and Development program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UTBattelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy.Peer reviewedPostprin

"An infinitude of Possible Worlds": towards a research method for hypertext fiction

While the investigation of creative writing as a research method is gathering apace, little work has been done into the specific case of hypertext fiction (fiction written through a digital medium). This paper argues that, while there remain certain similarities between paper-based and digital texts, fundamental differences in design and construction remain. If hypertext fictions are to be successfully understood, then the role and purpose of the digital writer needs to be more fully analysed as part of the creative process. This paper argues that Possible Worlds Theory offers a way forward. With its focus on the ontological structures created by hypertext fiction, Possible World Theory actively embraces narrative indeterminacy and ontological changeability. In this sense the method provides a structured means by which the creative manipulation of the unique affordances of a digital medium by a writer can be theorised

Cosmological evolution of interacting dark energy in Lorentz violation

The cosmological evolution of an interacting scalar field model in which the scalar field interacts with dark matter, radiation, and baryon via Lorentz violation is investigated. We propose a model of interaction through the effective coupling $\bar{\beta}$. Using dynamical system analysis, we study the linear dynamics of an interacting model and show that the dynamics of critical points are completely controlled by two parameters. Some results can be mentioned as follows. Firstly, the sequence of radiation, the dark matter, and the scalar field dark energy exist and baryons are sub dominant. Secondly, the model also allows the possibility of having a universe in the phantom phase with constant potential. Thirdly, the effective gravitational constant varies with respect to time through $\bar{\beta}$. In particular, we consider a simple case where $\bar{\beta}$ has a quadratic form and has a good agreement with the modified $\Lambda$CDM and quintessence models. Finally, we also calculate the first post--Newtonian parameters for our model.Comment: 14 pages, published versio

Prospectus, September 23, 1974

ALL SET FOR STUGO ELECTION; Trustees Approve Budget For \u2774-\u2775, Partial Figures On Page 12; 16 Candidates On Ballot For 1st \u2774 Election; PC Counselors Offer More Than Counseling; Attention: Transfer Students; mercy for who?; The Short Circuit; The Kaleidoscope; Letters; Point-Counterpoint: How Do You View America\u27s Future?; Here Are Candidates\u27 Platforms; State House Candidates To Debate Here; Friends; Untitled; Lit. 1.: A Secret Something, Untitled, Rebirth, Everyone\u27s looking for...; \u27DIRT\u27 Comes Off Clean; Really Raunchy Record Review: Eric Clapton, 461 Ocean Boulevard; Meeting For Prospective Debators; Classified Ads; Books: All The President\u27s Men; Republicans To Have Coffee Wednesday; Phi Beta Lambda Meetings Scheduled; APO Chapter Formed Here; In The Dark: That\u27s Entertainment ; Jock Talk; Harriers Perform Well, Abbey Pleased; IM Football Starts Play On 25th; Howell First \u27Fast Freddy\u27; Bowling Bulletin Board; Watching A Counselor At Work; Registration Drive; Cross Country Schedule; Last Chance For Girls IM Football; Fast Freddy\u27s Football Forecast; Callboard; Parkland Events; Summary Of Approved Budget; Vets Elect Officers; A Column By And For Women; Fashion Forecasthttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1974/1009/thumbnail.jp

Environmental and Genetic Preconditioning for Long-Term Anoxia Responses Requires AMPK in Caenorhabditis elegans

Article on environmental and genetic preconditioning for long-term anoxia responses requires AMPK in Caenorhabditis elegans

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses

To understand neurological complications of COVID-19 better both acutely and for recovery, we measured markers of brain injury, inflammatory mediators, and autoantibodies in 203 hospitalised participants; 111 with acute sera (1–11 days post-admission) and 92 convalescent sera (56 with COVID-19-associated neurological diagnoses). Here we show that compared to 60 uninfected controls, tTau, GFAP, NfL, and UCH-L1 are increased with COVID-19 infection at acute timepoints and NfL and GFAP are significantly higher in participants with neurological complications. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, HGF, M-CSF, CCL2, and IL-1RA) are associated with both altered consciousness and markers of brain injury. Autoantibodies are more common in COVID-19 than controls and some (including against MYL7, UCH-L1, and GRIN3B) are more frequent with altered consciousness. Additionally, convalescent participants with neurological complications show elevated GFAP and NfL, unrelated to attenuated systemic inflammatory mediators and to autoantibody responses. Overall, neurological complications of COVID-19 are associated with evidence of neuroglial injury in both acute and late disease and these correlate with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses acutely