Jean Aurenche, Pierre Bost et Claude Autant-Lara, auteurs de Douce. Genèse d’une pratique scénaristique

À la lumière des archives du fonds Claude Autant-Lara déposé à la Cinémathèque suisse, cet article aborde la naissance d’une collaboration entre le réalisateur et le tandem de scénaristes Jean Aurenche et Pierre Bost, à travers la genèse scénaristique du film Douce (1942-1943). Les discours de réception désignent habituellement « Aurenchébost » comme s’il s’agissait d’un auteur unique avec une méthode de création. Il convient de reconsidérer leur travail dans l’historicité et la contingence des pratiques d’écriture. À ce titre, les documents scénaristiques procèdent à la fois d’une dimension processuelle – un texte en devenir – et d’une dimension interlocutive – le fruit d’une activité concertée. Cette dernière implique, entre autres, un jeu de formatage et de pagination dans la rédaction de la continuité dialoguée et du découpage technique. Enfin, la scénarisation ne se limite pas à des tours d’écriture mais doit être également considérée en termes de rédactions conversationnelles.Based on Claude Autant-Lara’s archives deposited at the Swiss film library, this article studies the birth of a collaboration between the director and the duo of screenwriters, Jean Aurenche and Pierre Bost, through the screenwriting genesis of the film Douce (1942-1943). Usually, reviews refer to “Aurenchébost” as if they were a single author with a creative method. Their work should be reconsidered within the historicity and contingency of writing practices. As such, the scriptwriting documents are the result of a processing dimension – a text in the making – and a dialogical dimension – the outcome of a concerted activity. The latter implies, among other things, a play with the formatting and pagination in the scenario’s composition and technical breakdown. Finally, their screenwriting is not limited to writing each in turn but must also be considered in terms of conversational writing.Im Lichte der Archivmaterials des Nachlasses von Claude Autant-Lara, das sich in der Schweizer Cinémathèque befindet, geht der vorliegende Artikel der Entstehung einer Kooperation nach, nämlich jener zwischen dem Regisseur Claude Autant-Lara und den beiden Drehbuchautoren Jean Aurenche et Pierre Bost im Rahmen der Genese des Films Douce (1942-1943). Die bisherige Rezeption insinuierte, dass es sich bei „Aurenchébost“ um einen einzigen Autor mit nur einer Methode gehandelt hätte. Man muss aber die Arbeit von Aurenche und Bost in ihrer Historizität und in der Kontingenz der Schreibpraxis neu betrachten. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Drehbuch-Dokumente zugleich eine prozessuale Dimension haben – wir finden einen Text in seinem Werden vor – und dass sie auch eine dialogische Komponente aufweisen – sie sind die Frucht einer gemeinsamen Tätigkeit. Unter anderem bedeutet dies ein Spiel der Formatierung und der Paginierung im Rahmen der Redaktion der Dialoge und des technischen Drehbuchs. Schließlich beschränkt sich die Ausarbeitung des Szeniarios nicht auf die Erstellung abwechselnder Schreiber, sondern muss ebenso hinsichtlich der Redaktion der Dialoge betrachtet werden.Basandosi sugli archivi del fondo Claude Autant-Lara conservati alla Cineteca svizzera, quest’articolo affronta la nascita di una collaborazione tra il regista e il tandem di sceneggiatori Jean Aurenche e Pierre Bost, attraverso la genesi della sceneggiatura del film Douce (1942-1943). La critica e il pubblico sono soliti riferirsi a “Aurenchébost” come se si trattasse di un unico autore con un unico metodo di creazione. Se si riconsidera il loro lavoro nella storicità e nella contingenza delle pratiche di scrittura, ci si accorge tuttavia che i documenti delle sceneggiature derivano allo stesso tempo da una dimensione processuale – un testo in divenire – e da una dimensione interlocutiva – il frutto di un’attività concertata. Quest’ultima implica, tra le altre cose, un meccanismo di formattazione e d’impaginazione nella redazione della continuità dei dialoghi e delle suddivisioni tecniche. Infine, la creazione della sceneggiatura non si limita soltanto a sessioni di scrittura ma deve essere considerata anche in termini di redazioni conversazionali.A partir do espólio de Claude Autant-Lara depositado na Cinemateca Suiça, este artigo examina a colaboração entre o diretor e o tandem de argumentistas Jean Aurenche e Pierre Bost, que levou à criação do argumento do filme Douce (1942-1943). Refere-se geralmente “Aurenchébost” como se fosse um autor único com um método de criação. Deve reavaliar-se o seu trabalho na historicidade e na contingência das práticas de escrita. Como tal, os documentos do argumento possuem ao mesmo tempo uma dimensão processual – um texto em construção – e uma dimensão de interlocução – fruto de uma atividade concertada. Esta última implica, nomeadamente, um exercício de formatação e paginação na redação da continuidade do diálogo e na montagem técnica. Assim, a cenarização não se limita ser uma alternância de atos de escrita, mas deve mesmo ser considerada como uma redação em termos dialogais.A la luz de los archivos del fondo Claude Autant-Lara depositados en la Cinemateca suiza, este artículo aborda el nacimiento de una colaboración entre el director y el tándem de guionistas Jean Aurenche y Pierre Bost, a través de la génesis del guión de la película Douce (1942-1943). Los discursos de recepción designan al dúo de guionista “Aurenchebost”, como si se tratara de un único autor con un solo método de creación. Es necesario reconsiderar su trabajo en la historicidad y la contingencia de las prácticas de escritura. En esta perspectiva, los documentos guionísticos proceden a la vez de una dimensión procesal -un texto en construcción- y de una dimensión interlocutiva -el fruto de una actividad concertada. Esta última implica, entre otros, un juego de formateo y de paginación en la redacción de la continuidad dialogada y de la segmentación técnica. Finalmente, la elaboración de un guión no se limita a una escritura alternada sino que debe se considerada también en términos de redacciones conversacionales

Enhanced Pathogenesis Caused by Influenza D Virus and Mycoplasma bovis Coinfection in Calves: a Disease Severity Linked with Overexpression of IFN-gamma as a Key Player of the Enhanced Innate Immune Response in Lungs

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major disease of young cattle whose etiology lies in complex interactions between pathogens and environmental and host factors. Despite a high frequency of codetection of respiratory pathogens in BRD, data on the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis associated with viral and bacterial interactions are still limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of a coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis in cattle. Naive calves were infected by aerosol with a French IDV strain and an M. bovis strain. The combined infection shortened the incubation period, worsened the disease, and led to more severe macroscopic and microscopic lesions compared to these parameters in calves infected with only one pathogen. In addition, IDV promoted colonization of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) by M. bovis and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) gene was shown to be the gene most statistically overexpressed after coinfection at 2 days postinfection (dpi) and at least until 7 dpi, which correlated with the high level of lymphocytes in the LRT. Downregulation of the PACE4 and TMPRSS2 endoprotease genes was also highlighted, being a possible reason for the faster clearance of IDV in the lungs of coinfected animals. Taken together, our coinfection model with two respiratory pathogens that when present alone induce moderate clinical signs of disease was shown to increase the severity of the disease in young cattle and a strong transcriptomic innate immune response in the LRT, especially for IFN-gamma.IMPORTANCE Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is among the most prevalent diseases in young cattle. BRD is due to complex interactions between viruses and/or bacteria, most of which have a moderate individual pathogenicity. In this study, we showed that coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis increased the severity of the respiratory disease in calves in comparison with IDV or M. bovis infection. IDV promoted M. bovis colonization of the lower respiratory tract and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The IFN-gamma gene in particular was highly overexpressed after coinfection, correlated with the disease severity, immune response, and white cell recruitment in the lungs. In conclusion, we showed that IDV facilitates coinfections within the BRD complex by modulating the local innate immune response, providing new insights into the mechanisms involved in severe respiratory diseases

Reconhecimento de antígenos por anticorpos de caprinos naturalmente infectados ou imunizados contra Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a gram positive bacillus, facultative intracellular pathogen of macrophages which is phylogenetically related with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This pathogen is widely distributed in some animal species and is responsible for caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats. Caseous lymphadenitis is a widely spread chronic infectious disease, transmitted mainly through the skin. In the present experiment, aspects of the antigenic recognition by humoral response of goats bred in extensive condition, naturally infected or immunized with a live attenuated vaccine (cepa 1002, Empresa Baiana de Desenvolvimento Agrícola), have been studied. Samples of sera from immunized and control animals were collected monthly for a twelve month period and analyzed by ELISA and Western blotting. The analysis of the Western blotting results showed that the antigenic pattern recognized by sera antibodies of immunized animals is similar in crossbred or pure race animals and in naturally infected ones as well. Protein bands with molecular weights between 20 and 94 kDa have been detected. By analysing those samples, it was possible to observe that different proteins are recognized with elapsing time after immunization.Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis é um cocobacilo gram-positivo, patógeno intracelular facultativo de macrófagos, filogeneticamente relacionado com o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. É amplamente distribuído em algumas espécies de animais, causando a linfadenite caseosa em ovinos e caprinos. A linfadenite caseosa, de ocorrência mundial, é uma doença infecciosa crônica cuja transmissão se dá principalmente através da pele. No presente experimento, foram estudados aspectos do reconhecimento antigênico, pela resposta humoral, em caprinos criados em regime extensivo, naturalmente infectados ou imunizados com uma vacina viva (cepa 1002), atenuada, desenvolvida pela Empresa Baiana de Desenvolvimento Agrícola (EBDA). As amostras de soros dos animais imunizados e de controle, coletadas mensalmente por um período de doze meses, foram analisadas pelo ensaio imunoenzimático ELISA e pelo Western blotting, utilizando-se como antígenos o extrato bacteriano contendo exotoxina e sonicado bacteriano de uma cepa selvagem e da cepa 1002. A análise através do Western blotting revelou que o padrão de antígenos reconhecidos pelos anticorpos séricos de animais imunizados, sem raça definida (srd) ou de duas raças puras, bem como animais srd naturalmente infectados, é semelhante, verificando-se bandas protéicas com pesos moleculares entre 20 e 94 kDa. Esta análise possibilitou observar-se que diferentes proteínas são reconhecidas ao longo da imunização

Determinação da sensibilidade e da especificidade de um teste de ELISA indireto para o diagnóstico de linfadenite caseosa em caprinos.

An indirect ELISA test was developed and standardized for the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in goats. The culture supernatant of a 48h culture of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cultivated in BHI broth was used as antigen. In order to determine the cut off and the evaluation of the sensibility and the specificity, thirty one serum samples from infected goats with caseous lesions, whose presence of C. pseudotuberculosis was confirmed by positive culture, were used, as well as fifty six serum samples from no infected goats. The sensitivity and the specificity of the test were calculated by ROC analysis. The sensitivity and the specificity of the ELISA BHI test were 93.5% and 100%, respectively.Um teste de ELISA indireto foi desenvolvido e padronizado para o diagnóstico de linfadenite caseosa em caprinos. Foi usado como antígeno o secretado de cultura de 48h de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em caldo BHI. Para o estabelecimento do ponto de corte e cálculo da sensibilidade e da especificidade, foram usadas 31 amostras de soros de caprinos que apresentavam lesões características de linfadenite caseosa, das quais foi isolado C. pseudotuberculosis, e 56 amostras de soros de caprinos não infectados. A sensibilidade e a especificidade foram calculadas pela curva ROC. O teste de ELISA padronizado apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de, respectivamente, 93,5% e 100%

Identification of heavy-flavour jets with the CMS detector in pp collisions at 13 TeV

Many measurements and searches for physics beyond the standard model at the LHC rely on the efficient identification of heavy-flavour jets, i.e. jets originating from bottom or charm quarks. In this paper, the discriminating variables and the algorithms used for heavy-flavour jet identification during the first years of operation of the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, are presented. Heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms have been improved compared to those used previously at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. For jets with transverse momenta in the range expected in simulated $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$ events, these new developments result in an efficiency of 68% for the correct identification of a b jet for a probability of 1% of misidentifying a light-flavour jet. The improvement in relative efficiency at this misidentification probability is about 15%, compared to previous CMS algorithms. In addition, for the first time algorithms have been developed to identify jets containing two b hadrons in Lorentz-boosted event topologies, as well as to tag c jets. The large data sample recorded in 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV has also allowed the development of new methods to measure the efficiency and misidentification probability of heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms. The heavy-flavour jet identification efficiency is measured with a precision of a few per cent at moderate jet transverse momenta (between 30 and 300 GeV) and about 5% at the highest jet transverse momenta (between 500 and 1000 GeV)

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass