Effects of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Glycemic and Insulinemic Outcomes: A Randomized Control Trial

Reducing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with improved metabolic health in adults, but there is limited experimental research examining the consequences of adding SSBs to the diet, particularly in healthy individuals. The aim of the current study was to determine whether there were differences in glycemic and insulinemic outcomes following three weeks of added caffeine-free soda, 100% fruit juice, or water in healthy young adults. College-aged participants (21.2±2.8yrs; n=36) were randomized to one of three beverage conditions: water (W), caffeine-free soda (S), or 100% fruit juice (FJ). Participants completed baseline anthropometric measurements, and fasting and SSB-tolerance glycemic and insulinemic assessments (via fingerstick and venous blood samples). Participants consumed two servings/day (~710 mL) of their assigned beverage for three weeks. Baseline assessments were repeated following the 3-week intervention. There were no significant effects of time or beverage condition for glucose (incremental area-under-the-curve) (M±SD; Baseline: W:1367±1022, S:1804±1192, FJ:1588±1144 mg/dL x 2hr; 3-weeks: W:1166±1128, S:1800±1256, FJ:1151±795 mg/dL x 2hr; ps\u3e0.05) and insulin (incremental area-under-the-curve) (M±SD; Baseline: W:1602±910, S:2022±1065, FJ:1863±993 mg/dL x 2hr; 3-weeks: W:1369±655, S:1658±1036, FJ:1875±691 mg/dL x 2hr; ps\u3e0.05). Following the 3-week intervention, changes in fasting glucose (p=0.88), fasting insulin (p=0.97), and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (p=0.96) were not significantly different between beverage conditions. These results suggest that in healthy young adults, under free-living conditions, the addition of SSBs to the diet for three weeks does not modify glycemic or insulinemic outcomes. Longer-term trials and studies that include participants with increased metabolic risk are needed to further elucidate glycemic and insulinemic responses following the addition of SSBs to the diet

Insights Into the Crustal-Scale Dynamics of a Doubly Vergent Orogen From a Quantitative Analysis of Its Forelands: A Case Study of the Eastern Pyrenees

In natural doubly vergent orogens, the relationship between the pro- and retro-wedges is, as yet, poorly constrained. We present a detailed tectonostratigraphic study of the retro-wedge of the Eastern Pyrenees (Europe) and link its evolution to that of the pro-wedge (Iberia) in order to derive insight into the crustal-scale dynamics of doubly vergent orogens. Based on cross-section restoration and subsidence analyses, we divide the East Pyrenean evolution into four phases. The first phase (Late Cretaceous) is characterized by closure of an exhumed mantle domain between the Iberian and European plates and inversion of a salt-rich, thermally unequilibrated rift system. Overall shortening (~1 mm/yr) was distributed roughly equally between both margins over some 20 Myr. A quiescent phase (Paleocene) was apparently restricted to the retro-wedge with slow, continuous deformation in the pro-wedge (~0.4 mm/yr). This phase occurred between closure of the exhumed mantle domain and onset of main collision. The main collision phase (Eocene) records the highest shortening rate (~3.1 mm/yr), which was predominantly accommodated in the pro-wedge. During the final phase (Oligocene), the retro-wedge was apparently inactive, and shortening of the pro-wedge slowed (~2.2 mm/yr). Minimum total shortening of the Eastern Pyrenees is ~111 km, excluding closure of the exhumed mantle domain. The retro-wedge accommodated ~20 km of shortening. The shortening distribution between the pro- and retro-wedges evolved from roughly equal during rift inversion to pro-dominant during main collision. This change in shortening distribution may be intrinsic to all inverted rift systems. ©2018. American Geophysical Union.This study was funded by the ANR (France) PYRAMID research project. The French-Norwegian Foundation (13-06 PYR-FFTP; sedimentary basin and North Pyrenean foreland fold and thrust belt formation) supported study visits to the University of Bergen, Norway. Collaboration with CSIC Barcelona, Spain was funded by the project ALPIMED (PIE-CSIC-201530E082).Peer reviewe

Extreme Mesozoic Crustal Thinning in the Eastern Iberia Margin: The Example of the Columbrets Basin (Valencia Trough)

International audienceEastern Iberia preserves a complex succession of Mesozoic rifts partly or completely inverted during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic in relation with Africa-Eurasia convergence. Notably, the Valencia Trough, classically viewed as part of the Cenozoic West Mediterranean basins, preserves in its southwestern part a thick Mesozoic succession (locally ≈10 km thick) over a highly thinned continental basement (locally only ≈3.5 km thick). This subbasin, referred to as the Columbrets Basin, represents a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous hyperextended rift basin weakly overprinted by subsequent events. Its initial configuration is well preserved allowing us to unravel its 3-D architecture and tectonostratigraphic evolution in the frame of the Mesozoic evolution of eastern Iberia. The Columbrets Basin benefits from an extensive data set combining high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, drill holes, seismic refraction data, and expanding spread profiles. The interactions between halokinesis, involving the Upper Triassic salt, and extensional deformation controlled the architecture of the Mesozoic basin. The thick uppermost Triassic to Cretaceous succession displays a large-scale "syncline" shape, progressively stretched and dismembered toward the basin borders. We propose that the SE border of the basin is characterized by a large extensional detachment fault acting at crustal scale and interacting locally with the Upper Triassic décollement. This extensional structure accommodates the exhumation of the continental basement and part of the crustal thinning. Eventually, our results highlight the complex interaction between extreme crustal thinning and occurrence of a prerift salt level for the deformation style and tectonostratigraphic evolution of hyperextended rift basins