"Any lady can do this without much trouble ...": class and gender in The dining room (1878)

Macmillan's "Art at Home" series (1876–83) was a collection of domestic advice manuals. Mentioned in every study of the late-nineteenth-century domestic interior, they have often been interpreted, alongside contemporary publications such as Charles Eastlake's Hints on Household Taste (1868), as indicators of late 1870s home furnishing styles. Mrs Loftie's The Dining Room (1878) was the series' fifth book and it considers one of the home's principal (and traditionally masculine) domestic spaces. Recent research on middle-class cultural practices surrounding food has placed The Dining Room within the tradition of Mrs Beeton's Household Management (1861); however, it is not a cookery book and hardly mentions dinners. Drawing upon unpublished archival sources, this paper charts the production and reception of The Dining Room, aiming to unravel its relationships with other contemporary texts and to highlight the difficulties of using it as historical evidence. While it offers fascinating insights into contemporary taste, class and gender, this paper suggests that, as an example of domestic design advice literature, it reveals far more about the often expedient world of nineteenth-century publishing practices

Metode Purifikasi Vitamin E dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit

Sejak tahun 2009, Indonesia merupakan produsen terbesar dan eksportir minyak kelapa sawit di pasar dunia. Produksi minyak kelapa sawit Indonesia meningkat secara signifikan. Pada tahun 2012, Indonesia memproduksi 26,5 juta ton minyak sawit. Potensi hayati dari minyak sawit tersebut sangat tinggi karena kandungan vitamin E (tokotrienol dan tokoferol) mencapai 600-1.000 ppm. Untuk memurnikannya, tersedia beberapa metode, bergantung tujuan (analitis/preparatif untuk mengisolasi tokoferol/tokotrienol) dan kandungan komponen kimiawi (asam lemak, sterol, pigmen). Pembahasan mengenai metode pemurnian vitamin E minyak sawit tersebut masih sangat terbatas. Kajian ilmiah ini bertujuan menganalisis tingkat efektifitas, efisiensi, kelebihan, dan kekurangan berbagai metode separasi/pemisahan maupun pemurnian/purifikasi. Low temperature solvent crystallization dan supercritical fluid chromatography mampu menghasilkan ekstrak vitamin E konsentrasi tinggi, tetapi sangat dipengaruhi rasio pelarut dan materi tak tersaponifikasi, biaya mahal, resiko tinggi, dan peralatan khusus. Prosedur lain yaitu Thin Layer, Column, dan Gas Chromatography (pemisahan-identifikasi), High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph/HPLC (kombinatoris: pemisahan-identifikasi-purifikasi). Karena penerapannya lebih mudah, HPLC merupakan teknik yang lebih sering digunakan. Teknik HPLC menyajikan reproduktifitas yang baik, kolom sangat stabil, kuantitas reagen minimal, tidak toksik bagi teknisi dan lingkungan, dan dapat memisahkan isomer α, β, γ, δ tokoferol maupun tokotrienol

Mekanisme Kerja dan Fungsi Hayati Vitamin E pada Tumbuhan dan Mamalia

Vitamin E ditemukan oleh Evans dan Bishop pada tahun 1922 sebagai nutrisi penting dalam fungsi reproduksi mamalia. Kemudian ditemukan kembali pada tahun 1950 oleh Klaus Schwarz dalam konteks sistem antioksidan seluler (bersama asam amino dan selenium). Vitamin E yang meliputi tokoferol dan tokotrienol, merupakan molekul larut lemak yang memainkan peran penting dalam kesehatan mamalia, namun hingga saat ini, pemahaman mengenai mekanisme kerja dan fungsi hayatinya masih terbatas. Vitamin E hanya disintesis oleh organisme fotosintetik, salah satunya tumbuhan hijau. Kajian ilmiah ini mengupas fungsi hayati vitamin E pada tumbuhan serta perannya pada mamalia (meliputi peran baru di luar antioksidan), didasarkan pada aspek ekofisiologis. Vitamin E pada tumbuhan diketahui memiliki peran sebagai pelindung tilakoid dari cekaman oksidatif, serta sebagai antioksidan dalam respon pertahanan fotosintesis. Hal ini serupa dengan peran pada hewan, bahwa vitamin E mencegah terjadinya penyakit kronis, terutama yang terkait komponen cekaman oksidatif: penyakit jantung, aterosklerosis, dan kanker. Melalui kajian ilmiah secara komprehensif dan mendalam ini, ditemukan beberapa fungsi vitamin E di luar fungsi spesifiknya sebagai antioksidan pada tumbuhan maupun mamalia, terutama peran penting yang ditemukan pada tokotrienol. Vitamin E mencegah peroksidasi lipid selama masa dormansi benih, perkecambahan, dan perkembangan awal benih (pada tumbuhan), memiliki peran dalam ‘cell signaling\u27, daya proteksi DNA, lemak, protein, dan berperan dalam respon imun (pada mamalia). Tokotrienol, sebagai salah satu jenis vitamin E, perlu mendapatkan perhatian lebih karena memiliki fungsi anti-oksidatif, anti-hiperkolesterolemik, anti-angiogenik, dan neuroprotektif yang berbeda dengan tokoferol. Penelitian tambahan diperlukan untuk menentukan situs intraseluler spesifik yang mempengaruhi fungsi tokotrienol untuk sepenuhnya memahami mekanisme efek anti-kanker dan apoptosis. Selain itu, nilai potensi senyawa ini sebagai agen kemoterapi dalam pencegahan dan pengobatan berbagai kanker perlu diteliti lebih lanjut

Mekanisme Kerja dan Fungsi Hayati Vitamin E pada Tumbuhan dan Mamalia

Vitamin E ditemukan oleh Evans dan Bishop pada tahun 1922 sebagai nutrisi penting dalam fungsi reproduksi mamalia. Kemudian ditemukan kembali pada tahun 1950 oleh Klaus Schwarz dalam konteks sistem antioksidan seluler (bersama asam amino dan selenium). Vitamin E yang meliputi tokoferol dan tokotrienol, merupakan molekul larut lemak yang memainkan peran penting dalam kesehatan mamalia, namun hingga saat ini, pemahaman mengenai mekanisme kerja dan fungsi hayatinya masih terbatas. Vitamin E hanya disintesis oleh organisme fotosintetik, salah satunya tumbuhan hijau. Kajian ilmiah ini mengupas fungsi hayati vitamin E pada tumbuhan serta perannya pada mamalia (meliputi peran baru di luar antioksidan), didasarkan pada aspek ekofisiologis. Vitamin E pada tumbuhan diketahui memiliki peran sebagai pelindung tilakoid dari cekaman oksidatif, serta sebagai antioksidan dalam respon pertahanan fotosintesis. Hal ini serupa dengan peran pada hewan, bahwa vitamin E mencegah terjadinya penyakit kronis, terutama yang terkait komponen cekaman oksidatif: penyakit jantung, aterosklerosis, dan kanker. Melalui kajian ilmiah secara komprehensif dan mendalam ini, ditemukan beberapa fungsi vitamin E di luar fungsi spesifiknya sebagai antioksidan pada tumbuhan maupun mamalia, terutama peran penting yang ditemukan pada tokotrienol. Vitamin E mencegah peroksidasi lipid selama masa dormansi benih, perkecambahan, dan perkembangan awal benih (pada tumbuhan), memiliki peran dalam ‘cell signaling', daya proteksi DNA, lemak, protein, dan berperan dalam respon imun (pada mamalia). Tokotrienol, sebagai salah satu jenis vitamin E, perlu mendapatkan perhatian lebih karena memiliki fungsi anti-oksidatif, anti-hiperkolesterolemik, anti-angiogenik, dan neuroprotektif yang berbeda dengan tokoferol. Penelitian tambahan diperlukan untuk menentukan situs intraseluler spesifik yang mempengaruhi fungsi tokotrienol untuk sepenuhnya memahami mekanisme efek anti-kanker dan apoptosis. Selain itu, nilai potensi senyawa ini sebagai agen kemoterapi dalam pencegahan dan pengobatan berbagai kanker perlu diteliti lebih lanjut

Use of non-natal estuaries by migratory striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in summer

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Fishery Bulletin 107 (2009): 329-338.For most migratory fish, little is known about the location and size of foraging areas or how long individuals remain in foraging areas, even though these attributes may affect their growth, survival, and impact on local prey. We tested whether striped bass (Morone saxatilis Walbaum), found in Massachusetts in summer, were migratory, how long they stayed in non-natal estuaries, whether observed spatial patterns differed from random model predictions, whether fish returned to the same area across multiple years, and whether fishing effort could explain recapture patterns. Anchor tags were attached to striped bass that were caught and released in Massachusetts in 1999 and 2000, and recaptured between 1999 and 2007. In fall, tagged striped bass were caught south of where they were released in summer, confirming that fish were coastal migrants. In the first summer, 77% and 100% of the recaptured fish in the Great Marsh and along the Massachusetts coast, respectively, were caught in the same place where they were released. About two thirds of all fish recaptured near where they were released were caught 2–7 years after tagging. Our study shows that smaller (400–500 mm total length) striped bass migrate hundreds of kilometers along the Atlantic Ocean coast, cease their mobile lifestyle in summer when they use a relatively localized area for foraging (<20 km2), and return to these same foraging areas in subsequent years.This project was administered through the Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. The Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is an association among the U.S. Geological Survey; University of Massachusetts Department of Natural Resources Conservation; Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries; Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, and the Wildlife Management Institute

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Comparative and Joint Analysis of Two Metagenomic Datasets from a Biogas Fermenter Obtained by 454-Pyrosequencing

Biogas production from renewable resources is attracting increased attention as an alternative energy source due to the limited availability of traditional fossil fuels. Many countries are promoting the use of alternative energy sources for sustainable energy production. In this study, a metagenome from a production-scale biogas fermenter was analysed employing Roche's GS FLX Titanium technology and compared to a previous dataset obtained from the same community DNA sample that was sequenced on the GS FLX platform. Taxonomic profiling based on 16S rRNA-specific sequences and an Environmental Gene Tag (EGT) analysis employing CARMA demonstrated that both approaches benefit from the longer read lengths obtained on the Titanium platform. Results confirmed Clostridia as the most prevalent taxonomic class, whereas species of the order Methanomicrobiales are dominant among methanogenic Archaea. However, the analyses also identified additional taxa that were missed by the previous study, including members of the genera Streptococcus, Acetivibrio, Garciella, Tissierella, and Gelria, which might also play a role in the fermentation process leading to the formation of methane. Taking advantage of the CARMA feature to correlate taxonomic information of sequences with their assigned functions, it appeared that Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, dominate within the functional context of polysaccharide degradation whereas Methanomicrobiales represent the most abundant taxonomic group responsible for methane production. Clostridia is the most important class involved in the reductive CoA pathway (Wood-Ljungdahl pathway) that is characteristic for acetogenesis. Based on binning of 16S rRNA-specific sequences allocated to the dominant genus Methanoculleus, it could be shown that this genus is represented by several different species. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences placed them in close proximity to the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanoculleus bourgensis. While rarefaction analyses still indicate incomplete coverage, examination of the GS FLX Titanium dataset resulted in the identification of additional genera and functional elements, providing a far more complete coverage of the community involved in anaerobic fermentative pathways leading to methane formation

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication