Les stéréotypes de sexe évoluent-ils ? Une étude exploratoire auprès d’étudiant.e.s français

Cet article s’intéresse à l’évolution du contenu des stéréotypes de sexe chez une population d’étudiant.e.s français.e.s (N = 498). Les traits de personnalités sont étudiés dans leurs versants positifs et négatifs au travers d’une démarche qualitative. Pour les stéréotypes associés aux femmes, les résultats montrent des variations renvoyant à des dimensions socialement désirables, telles que le sens de l’organisation et la fiabilité. Pour les hommes, si les résultats relatifs aux dimensions positives sont relativement conformes à ceux des études antérieures, on voit émerger de nouvelles caractéristiques masculines majoritairement négatives comme l’immaturité et le manque d’organisation.This article focuses on the changing contents of gender stereotypes among French students (N= 498). Personality characteristics are studied in their positive and negative sides through a qualitative approach. Regarding stereotypes associated with women, results show variations which refer to socially desirable dimensions, such as the sense of organization and the reliability. For men, if results about the positive dimensions are relatively consistent with those of previous studies, new male characteristics appear, mainly negative, like immaturity and a lack of organization

Cancer risk in children of mothers with epilepsy and high-dose folic acid use during pregnancy

Importance Women with epilepsy are recommended high doses of folic acid before and during pregnancy owing to risk of congenital anomalies associated with antiseizure medications. Whether prenatal exposure to high-dose folic acid is associated with increases in the risk of childhood cancer is unknown. Objective To assess whether high-dose folic acid supplementation in mothers with epilepsy is associated with childhood cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational cohort study conducted with nationwide registers in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from 1997 to 2017. Analyses were performed during January 10, 2022, to January 31, 2022. Mother-child pairs were identified in medical birth registers and linked with information from patient, prescription, and cancer registers, as well as with sociodemographic information from statistical agencies, and were categorized by maternal diagnosis of epilepsy. The study population consisted of 3 379 171 children after exclusion of 126 711 children because of stillbirth or missing or erroneous values on important covariates. Exposures Maternal prescription fills for high-dose folic acid tablets (≥1 mg daily) between 90 days before pregnancy start and birth. Main Outcomes and Measures First onset of childhood cancer at younger than 20 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios with corresponding 95% CIs, adjusted for potential confounders. Cumulative incidence at aged 20 years was used as a measure of absolute risk. Results The median age at the end of follow-up in the study population of 3 379 171 children was 7.3 years (IQR, 3.5-10.9 years). Among the 27 784 children (51.4% male) born to mothers with epilepsy, 5934 (21.4%) were exposed to high-dose folic acid (mean dose, 4.3 mg), with 18 exposed cancer cases compared with 29 unexposed, producing an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2-6.3), absolute risk if exposed of 1.4% (95% CI, 0.5%-3.6%), and absolute risk if unexposed of 0.6% (95% CI, 0.3%-1.1%). In children of mothers without epilepsy, 46 646 (1.4%) were exposed to high-dose folic acid (mean dose, 2.9 mg), with 69 exposed and 4927 unexposed cancer cases and an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.1 (95% CI, 0.9-1.4; absolute risk, 0.4% [95% CI, 0.3%-0.5%]). There was no association between children born to mothers with epilepsy who were prenatally exposed to antiseizure medications, but not high-dose folic acid, and an increased risk of cancer (absolute risk, 0.6%; 95% CI, 0.2%-1.3%). Conclusions and Relevance Prenatal exposure to high-dose folic acid was associated with increased risk of cancer in children of mothers with epilepsy.publishedVersio

Prescribing patterns for higher dose folic acid in pregnant women with epilepsy treated with antiseizure medication

Objective: This study was undertaken to characterize the use of higher doses of folic acid (≥1 mg daily) in relation to pregnancy in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in women with epilepsy treated with antiseizure medication (ASM). Methods: In this observational study, we used data from national medical birth, patient, and prescription registers in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden to retrospectively identify pregnancies in women with epilepsy treated with ASM from 2006 to 2017. The proportion of higher dose folic acid supplementation in pregnancies among women receiving ASM for epilepsy was calculated according to country of origin, time period, and type of ASM. Logistic regression with restricted cubic splines was used to model country-specific time trends. Results: Among a total of 2 748 882 pregnancies, we identified 8695 (.3%) pregnancies after restricting the population to women with ASM-treated epilepsy. A prescription for higher dose folic acid was filled in 4719 (54.3%) of these pregnancies. The proportion supplemented with higher dose folic acid was highest in Sweden (74.3%) and lower in Norway (41.4%) and Denmark (34.3%). Furthermore, we observed a decreasing trend of higher dose folic acid use in Denmark and Norway from year 2012 to 2017. Among those who used higher dose folic acid, 42% did not start preconception supplementation with higher dose folic acid. Significance: Supplementation with higher dose folic acid occurred in approximately half of pregnancies in women with ASM-treated epilepsy, with many not starting supplementation until after becoming pregnant. Considerable variability was observed in the use of higher dose folic acid across the countries, despite similar population characteristics and health care systems. Future guidelines should be simplified with clear recommendations developed in a collaborative manner by relevant specialists including neurologists, obstetricians, pediatricians, and public health specialists to enhance real-world applicability.publishedVersio

Socioeconomic differences in use of antiseizure medication in pregnancies with maternal epilepsy: A population-based study from Nordic universal health care systems

Objective Research points to disparities in disease burden and access to medical care in epilepsy. We studied the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and antiseizure medication (ASM) use in pregnancies with maternal epilepsy. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study consisting of 21 130 pregnancies with maternal epilepsy identified from Nordic registers during 2006–2017. SES indicators included cohabitation status, migrant background, educational attainment, and household income. Main outcomes were the proportion and patterns of ASM use from 90 days before pregnancy to birth. We applied multiple imputation to handle SES variables with 2%–4% missingness. We estimated adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using modified Poisson regression with the highest SES category as reference. Results Mothers with the highest education and the highest income quintile used ASMs least frequently (56% and 53%, respectively). We observed increased risks of ASM discontinuation prior to or during the first trimester for low SES. The risk estimates varied depending on the SES indicator from aRR = 1.27 for low income (95% CI: 1.03–1.57) to aRR = 1.66 for low education (95% CI: 1.30–2.13). Migrant background was associated with ASM initiation after the first trimester (aRR 2.17; 95% CI 1.88–2.52). Low education was associated with the use of valproate during pregnancy in monotherapy (aRR 1.70; 95% CI 1.29–2.24) and in polytherapy (aRR 2.65; 95% CI 1.66–4.21). Low education was also associated with a 37% to 39% increased risk of switching from one ASM to another depending on the ASM used. For the other SES indicators, aRRs of switching varied from 1.16 (foreign origin; 95% CI 1.08–1.26) to 1.26 (not married or cohabiting; 95% CI 1.17–1.36). Significance Low SES was associated with riskier patterns of ASM use: discontinuation, late initiation, and switching during pregnancy. These findings may reflect unplanned pregnancies, disparities in access to preconception counseling, and suboptimal care.publishedVersio

Relationship between body mass index and neuropsychiatric symptoms: Evidence and inflammatory correlates

Objective : Neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent in obese individuals. Mounting evidence suggests that adiposity-related inflammation contributes to this effect. This study assessed the relationship between adiposity, neuropsychiatric symptom dimensions and systemic inflammation in subjects stratified by body-mass-index (BMI). Methods : The study included 165 subjects, of whom 70 were very severely obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2), 50 severely obese (BMI: 35–39.99 kg/m2), 21 overweight or moderately obese (BMI: 25–34.9 kg/m2), and 24 lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Fatigue and general neurobehavioral symptoms were assessed using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) and Neurotoxicity Rating Scale (NRS) respectively. Serum levels of the inflammatory markers, high-sensitive (hs) CRP and hsIL-6, were determined by ELISA. Results : Severely obese subjects exhibited higher MADRS, MFI and NRS scores and were more frequently afflicted with current diagnosis of major depression than lean participants. Scores on psychometric scales were also increased in very severely obese subjects, although to a lesser extent. Alterations in neuropsychiatric dimensions were highly inter-related. HsCRP was significantly increased in subjects with severe or very severe obesity, while hsIL-6 was augmented in all obese groups. Overall, increased neuropsychiatric comorbidity was associated with greater systemic inflammation, notably hsCRP. Conclusion : Obesity is characterized by an increased prevalence of inter-related neuropsychiatric symptoms together with low-grade systemic inflammation augmenting with adiposity. The association between adiposity, systemic inflammation and neuropsychiatric alterations supports the contribution of adiposity-related inflammatory processes to neuropsychiatric comorbidities in obesity. These data suggest that consideration of adiposity characteristics may help identifying subjects at increased risk for neuropsychiatric comorbidity.Rôle de l'Inflammation dans la Symptomatologie Neuropsychiatrique chez le Sujet Obès

A comparison of complementary measures of vitamin B6 status, function, and metabolism in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study

Background: Vitamin B6 insufficiency has been linked to increased risk of cancer and other chronic diseases. The circulating concentration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is a commonly used measure of vitamin B6 status. Ratios of substrates indicating PLP coenzymatic function and metabolism may be useful complementary measures to further explore the role of vitamin B6 in health. Objectives: We explored the sensitivity of 5 outcomes, namely PLP concentration, homocysteine:cysteine (Hcy:Cys), cystathionine:cysteine (Cysta:Cys), the 3´-hydroxykynurenine ratio (HKr), and the 4-pyridoxic acid ratio (PAr) to vitamin B6 intake as well as personal and lifestyle characteristics. Medthods: Dietary intake and biomarker data were collected from participants from 3 nested case-control studies within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Bayesian regression models assessed the associations of the 5 biomarker outcomes with vitamin B6 intake and personal and lifestyle covariates. Analogous models examined the relations of Hcy:Cys, Cysta:Cys, and HKr with PLP. Results: In total, 4608 participants were included in the analyses. Vitamin B6 intake was most strongly associated with PLP, moderately associated with Hcy:Cys, Cysta:Cys, and HKr, and not associated with PAr (fold change in marker given a doubling of vitamin B6 intake: PLP 1.60 [95% credible interval (CrI): 1.50, 1.71]; Hcy:Cys 0.87 [95% CrI: 0.84, 0.90]; Cysta:Cys 0.89 [95% CrI: 0.84, 0.94]; HKr 0.88 [95% CrI: 0.85, 0.91]; PAr 1.00 [95% CrI: 0.95, 1.05]). PAr was most sensitive to age, and HKr was least sensitive to BMI and alcohol intake. Sex and menopause status were strongly associated with all 5 markers. Conclusions: We found that 5 different markers, capturing different aspects of vitamin B6-related biological processes, varied in their associations with vitamin B6 intake and personal and lifestyle predictors

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

Study of personal, relational and attitudinal dimensions involved in intend to leave a traditionally female's job : what the sex and gender stereotypes bring ?

Cette recherche doctorale a pour objectif de préciser le rôle du sexe et des stéréotypes de genre dans les dimensions attitudinales et relationnelles en jeu dans l’intention de quitter un emploi traditionnellement féminin. Pour ce faire, cinq études ont été réalisées. Les quatre premières ont trait à la construction d’un outil évaluant l’identification aux stéréotypes de genre alors que la cinquième investigue le rôle de cette dernière et du sexe dans les modèles classiques du turnover.La première étude a été réalisée auprès d’un échantillon de 498 étudiants. Elle a permis de préciser les stéréotypes féminins et masculins véhiculés dans la société française. Ces derniers ont ensuite été validés dans une seconde étude, auprès d’une population générale (N = 574). L’outil ainsi constitué a été proposé dans une troisième étude (N = 542) afin d’en vérifier la validité conceptuelle. Une quatrième étude (N = 431) a mené à l’identification des attentes sociales en matière de caractéristiques genrées, à l’égard des personnes souhaitant travailler dans une profession dite féminine. Enfin, la cinquième et dernière étude (N = 204) investiguait d’une part, l’incidence du sexe et des stéréotypes de genre dans les attitudes (satisfaction et engagement organisationnel), les ressources socio-organisationnelles (LMX, TMX et SOP) et l’intention de quitter un emploi féminin. D’autre part, l’incidence du sexe dans les relations entretenues entre ces dimensions était également questionnée. Les principaux résultats mettent en évidence le caractère genré du turnover puisque les dimensions en cause dans ce dernier diffèrent selon le sexe du travailleur. Si la satisfaction et l’engagement organisationnel apparaissent essentiels pour éviter la rotation volontaire des hommes comme des femmes, les formes d’engagement apparaissent distinctes selon les stéréotypes de genre. Alors que les hommes valorisent un engagement basé sur leurs propres investissements, les femmes préfèrent un engagement centré sur les investissements qu’on leur confère. En ce sens, les pratiques de socialisation organisationnelle paraissent essentielles pour ces dernières. Ce travail souligne également les limites des approches comparatives visant à identifier les différences entre les sexes et démontre l’importance de dissocier les hommes, des femmes lorsque l’on cherche à mettre en évidence des modèles prédictifs de l’intention de quitter.This doctoral research aims to clarify the role of sex and gender stereotypes in the attitudinal and relational dimensions involved in intend to leave a traditionally female’jobs. To do this, five studies were performed. The first four relate to the construction of a tool who evaluates the identification of gender stereotypes while the fifth investigates the role of the latter and of the sex in the classical models of turnover.The first study was carried out among a sample of 498 students. She clarified the female and male stereotypes in French society. These were then validated in a second study, from a general population (N = 574). The tool thus formed was proposed in a third study (N = 542) to verify the construct validity. A fourth study (N = 431) completed the identification of the social expectations of gendered characteristics, with respect to people wishing to work in a traditionally female's profession. Finally, the fifth and final study (N = 204) was investigating on the one hand, the impact of sex and gender stereotypes in attitudes (satisfaction and organizational commitment), socio-organizational resources (LMX, TMX and SOP) and intend to leave a female employment. On the second hand, the impact of gender in the relationships between these dimensions was also questioned. The main results demonstrate the gendered nature of the turnover since the dimensions involved in the latter differ by gender of the worker. If satisfaction and organizational commitment appear essential to prevent voluntary turnover of both men and women, forms of engagement appear different, depending on gender stereotypes. While men value a commitment based on their own investments, women prefer a commitment focused on investments which are confered to them. In this sense, the organizational socialization practices seem essential for women.This work also highlights the limits of comparative approaches to identify gender differences and demonstrates the importance of separating men and women when seeking to bring out predictive models of turnover intention

Etude de dimensions personnelles, relationnelles et attitudinales dans l'intention de quitter un emploi traditionnellement féminin : quelle place accorder au sexe et aux stéréotypes de genre ?

This doctoral research aims to clarify the role of sex and gender stereotypes in the attitudinal and relational dimensions involved in intend to leave a traditionally female’jobs. To do this, five studies were performed. The first four relate to the construction of a tool who evaluates the identification of gender stereotypes while the fifth investigates the role of the latter and of the sex in the classical models of turnover.The first study was carried out among a sample of 498 students. She clarified the female and male stereotypes in French society. These were then validated in a second study, from a general population (N = 574). The tool thus formed was proposed in a third study (N = 542) to verify the construct validity. A fourth study (N = 431) completed the identification of the social expectations of gendered characteristics, with respect to people wishing to work in a traditionally female's profession. Finally, the fifth and final study (N = 204) was investigating on the one hand, the impact of sex and gender stereotypes in attitudes (satisfaction and organizational commitment), socio-organizational resources (LMX, TMX and SOP) and intend to leave a female employment. On the second hand, the impact of gender in the relationships between these dimensions was also questioned. The main results demonstrate the gendered nature of the turnover since the dimensions involved in the latter differ by gender of the worker. If satisfaction and organizational commitment appear essential to prevent voluntary turnover of both men and women, forms of engagement appear different, depending on gender stereotypes. While men value a commitment based on their own investments, women prefer a commitment focused on investments which are confered to them. In this sense, the organizational socialization practices seem essential for women.This work also highlights the limits of comparative approaches to identify gender differences and demonstrates the importance of separating men and women when seeking to bring out predictive models of turnover intention.Cette recherche doctorale a pour objectif de préciser le rôle du sexe et des stéréotypes de genre dans les dimensions attitudinales et relationnelles en jeu dans l’intention de quitter un emploi traditionnellement féminin. Pour ce faire, cinq études ont été réalisées. Les quatre premières ont trait à la construction d’un outil évaluant l’identification aux stéréotypes de genre alors que la cinquième investigue le rôle de cette dernière et du sexe dans les modèles classiques du turnover.La première étude a été réalisée auprès d’un échantillon de 498 étudiants. Elle a permis de préciser les stéréotypes féminins et masculins véhiculés dans la société française. Ces derniers ont ensuite été validés dans une seconde étude, auprès d’une population générale (N = 574). L’outil ainsi constitué a été proposé dans une troisième étude (N = 542) afin d’en vérifier la validité conceptuelle. Une quatrième étude (N = 431) a mené à l’identification des attentes sociales en matière de caractéristiques genrées, à l’égard des personnes souhaitant travailler dans une profession dite féminine. Enfin, la cinquième et dernière étude (N = 204) investiguait d’une part, l’incidence du sexe et des stéréotypes de genre dans les attitudes (satisfaction et engagement organisationnel), les ressources socio-organisationnelles (LMX, TMX et SOP) et l’intention de quitter un emploi féminin. D’autre part, l’incidence du sexe dans les relations entretenues entre ces dimensions était également questionnée. Les principaux résultats mettent en évidence le caractère genré du turnover puisque les dimensions en cause dans ce dernier diffèrent selon le sexe du travailleur. Si la satisfaction et l’engagement organisationnel apparaissent essentiels pour éviter la rotation volontaire des hommes comme des femmes, les formes d’engagement apparaissent distinctes selon les stéréotypes de genre. Alors que les hommes valorisent un engagement basé sur leurs propres investissements, les femmes préfèrent un engagement centré sur les investissements qu’on leur confère. En ce sens, les pratiques de socialisation organisationnelle paraissent essentielles pour ces dernières. Ce travail souligne également les limites des approches comparatives visant à identifier les différences entre les sexes et démontre l’importance de dissocier les hommes, des femmes lorsque l’on cherche à mettre en évidence des modèles prédictifs de l’intention de quitter