7 research outputs found
Predictive analytic in health care using Case-based Reasoning (CBR)
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 25/04/2016
- Field of study
Big data analytics enables useful information to be extracted in order to predict trends and behavior patterns.Predictive analytics can be
applied in health care industry by using the information gained from big data analytics.There are several methods to make predictive analytics. Casebased Reasoning (CBR) is one of the methods to make prediction on patients’ sickness based on previous experiences.There are several challenges
when applying CBR to predictive analytics.This paper focuses on solving the number of analogies used when applying CBR.Experiments and calculations are done to compare the accuracy of the number of analogies used.The results shows one analogy has the highest accuracy as compared to two and three analogies
Representation of nonstationary narrowband random processes and their application and effectiveness as jamming signals in spread spectrum communication systems
- Author
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/03/1987
- Field of study
A representation of nonstationary narrowband random processes in terms of nonstationary quadrature components is proposed in a form analogous to that used to represent wide sense stationary narrowband random processes. The representation is then applied to a specific case in which the nonstationary narrowband random process is generated by the product of white noise and a deterministic periodic signal and then is processed by a narrowband filter. This representation is used in the modeling of a bi-level pulsed noise jammer which is assumed to be present in a communication channel. The effect of such a jammer on a direct sequence, binary phase shift keyed (DS-BPSK) spread spectrum communication receiver is evaluated and characterized in terms of the error rate performance of the receiver. Families of performance curves are plotted to demonstrate
the effect of various parameters, namely signal-to-noise ratio, jammer power to signal power ratio, and processing gain, on the error rate of the complete spread spectrum receiver. The analysis carried out differentiates between two cases, namely fast jammers and slow jammers. However, the analytical tools developed make it possible to consider either one of the two cases without resorting to quasi-stationary arguments as has been done in the past.http://archive.org/details/representationof00lowkCivilian, Singapore Ministry of DefenseApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
- Author
- Aamir Navivala
- Abdulwahab Arbi
- Abegail Hernandez Pena
- Abraham Hanburry
- Adedolapo Adeleke
- Adeera Levin
- Adil Hazara
- Adline Ghazi
- Agnes Masengu
- Ahmad Tuffaha
- Ahmed Awad
- Ahmed Ghanem
- Ai Fukasawa
- Aik Kheng Lee
- Aiko Terakawa
- Aiko Tomita
- Aiko Yamada
- Ailsa Geddes
- Airi Sato
- Akane Katanosaka
- Akane Yamamoto
- Akihiro Fujimoto
- Akihiro Katayama
- Akihito Tanaka
- Akiko Fujita
- Akiko Hashimoto
- Akiko Ishiguro
- Akiko Omata
- Akimasa Asai
- Akinwande Akinfolarin
- Akio Kanazawa
- Akiyo Nishiyama
- Akiyo Tanabe
- Alastair Rankin
- Alastair Woodman
- Albert Hing
- Albert Power
- Alberto Rosati
- Aldo P Maggioni
- Aldo Peixoto
- Aleksandra Murawska
- Alessandro D'Amelio
- Alex Aguilera
- Alex Baxter
- Alex Howson
- Alexa Wonnacott
- Alexander Hadley
- Alexander Hodakowski
- Alexander Paliege
- Alexis Africano
- Alexis Stevenson
- Alfio Giuffrida
- Alfred K Cheung
- Alia Hasan
- Alia Zubaidah Bahtar
- Alice Aitken
- Alice Guerini
- Aliseiya Garza
- Alison Cowley
- Alison Jenkins
- Alison Timadjer
- Allen Young
- Allison Leslie
- Amalia Caamano
- Amanda Aliu
- Amanda Axler
- Amanda Davis
- Amanda Scott
- Amanda Tyler
- Amar Ali
- Amber Avery
- Amber Hurst
- Amelia Te
- Ami Inamori
- Amin Oomatia
- Amir Kazory
- Amret Hawfield
- Amritanshu Pandey
- Amy Hudson
- Amy Hunter
- Amy Mottl
- Ana Moncada
- Anand Srivastava
- Anastassiya Reisler
- Anca Gherman
- Andre Valleteau
- Andrea Lorimer
- Andrea Schwab
- Andrea Webster
- Andrea Wilson
- Andreas Schneider
- Andrew Breach
- Andrew Connor
- Andrew Frankel
- Andrew Gordon
- Andrew Lewington
- Andrew Shepherd
- Andrew Steele
- Andy Burke
- Andy Measor
- Angela Bergner
- Angela Chamberlain
- Angela Field
- Angela Moon
- Angeline Mbuyisa
- Angharad Williams
- Anil George
- Anita Hepditch
- Anita Kamarzarian
- Anja Knoppe
- Anju Oommen
- Anke Torp
- Ankit Mehta
- Ann Bennett
- Ann Cooper
- Ann Vasseur
- Anna Brewer
- Anna Liew
- Anna Postal
- Anna Romo
- Anna Sampson
- Annalisa Aloisi
- Anne Froment
- Anne Grace
- Anne Schreiber
- Anne-Marie Beneat
- Annegret Fleischer
- Annette Kraemer-Guth
- Annie Saillant
- Annika Küpper
- Anoushka Bhatt
- Anthony Lambert
- Anthony Torres
- Anthoula Apostolidi
- Antonia Schuster
- Antonio Cardone
- Aoife O'Sullivan
- Aparna Padiyar
- Arash Rashidi
- Archie Maskill
- Arelis Madera
- Arif Khwaja
- Arihiro Kiyosue
- Asako Takesada
- Ashlee Morris
- Ashleigh Wheeler
- Ashley Lawson
- Ashwathy Varughese
- Ashwini Gore
- Asma Sabarai
- Astrid Maselli
- Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Atsuyuki Tokuyama
- Auguste Kutschat
- Autumn Wood
- Aya Kawase
- Aya Tanaka
- Aya Yamanaka
- Ayako Imai
- Ayana Tatsuzawa
- Aydin Er
- Ayesha Ali
- Ayesha Irtiza-Ali
- Aziee Sudin
- Bader Al-Zeer
- Baigent Colin
- Bak Leong Goh
- Balwinder Gill
- Ban Chai Peng
- Baochun Guo
- Barbara Bartolomei Mecatti
- Barbara Tucky
- Barbara Winter-Goodwin
- Barbara Zander
- Barry Johns
- Beate Schumacher
- Bellovich Keith
- Ben Bagwell
- Ben Caplin
- Bernd Hohenstein
- Bernd Kruger
- Bernd Schroppel
- Bernd Stratmann
- Bernhard Banas
- Bernhard Kraemer
- Bernhard Winkelmann
- Bethelihem Gebeyehu
- Bhavya Kothapalli
- Bhrigu Sood
- Bhupinder Grewal
- Bianca Weber
- Bianka Rettenmaier
- Binbin Jin
- Bob Goodenough
- Bradley Eilerman
- Brandy Caudill
- Brenner Susanne
- Brian Camilleri
- Brigitte Fuchs
- Britta Brettschneider
- Britta Zemann
- Brittany Cleveland
- Brittany Golson
- Brittany Whitmore
- Brueckmann Martina
- Camille Galloway
- Cara Healy
- Carina Krieger
- Carl-Philipp Roesch
- Carlo Castillo
- Carlo Garofalo
- Carlos Hernandez-Cassis
- Carlos Martinez
- Carly McDonald
- Carol Buckman
- Carol Knott
- Caroline Blake
- Carolyn Hutchinson
- Cashmere Hardy
- Cassandra Johnson
- Cassandra Kimber
- Cat Guest
- Cath Byrne
- Cathy Jackson
- Cecilia Barnini
- Cesira Cafiero
- Chakradhar Velagapudi
- Charalampos Kriatselis
- Charles Daniels
- Charles Herzog
- Charlotte Kamundi
- Chee Koon Low
- Chek Loong Loh
- Chelsia Bao Tyng Chan
- Chen Cheng
- Chen Hua Ching
- Cheng Beng Goh
- Cherney David
- Chetna Tailor
- Cheung Alfred K
- Chiara Saccà
- Chiara Salviani
- Chidambaram Nethaji
- Chie Hashimoto
- Chie Saito
- Chigusa Higuchi
- Chigusa Yamashita
- Chiho Murakami
- Chika Kuribayashi
- Chimaki Unekawa
- Chintankumar Barot
- Chloe Bird
- Chong Men Leong
- Chris Bowler
- Chrissie Ambrose
- Christian Albert
- Christian Hartner
- Christian Hugo
- Christina Büttner
- Christina Reith
- Christine Bond
- Christine Braun
- Christine Brown
- Christine McClary-Wright
- Christine Meshykhi
- Christine Pötz
- Christoph Stellbrink
- Christoph Wanner
- Christopher Goldsmith
- Christopher Hill
- Christopher Marshall
- Christopher Provenzano
- Christopher Sze Bing Sim
- Christopher Wong
- Chuanwen Xu
- Chukwuma Chukwu
- Chun Leong Low
- Chye Chung Gan
- Cindy Castro
- Cindy Vanhoy
- Claire Burston
- Claire Sharpe
- Claire Shenton
- Clare Hui Hong Tan
- Clare Macdonald
- Claudia Donhauser
- Claudia Foellinger
- Claudia Hanf
- Claudia Schmidt
- Claudia Schneider-Danwitz
- Clorinda Falcone
- Cole Valletta
- Conception Pugay
- Concetta Gangemi
- Conor Moran
- Cristina Badin
- Cristina Calvi
- Curtis Knight
- Cynthia Mohandas
- Daisuke Sato
- Daisy Arteaga
- Damini Jeyarajah
- Daniel Kraus
- Daniel Pinto
- Daniel Steffl
- Daniela Farrugia
- Danijela Bovan
- Danny Sugimoto
- Daria Motta
- Darya Hosein
- David Bains
- David Cherney
- David Loader
- David MacLean
- David Preiss
- David Sutton
- David Tietjen
- Davina Hewitt
- Debasish Banerjee
- Debbie Domingo
- Debbie Griffin
- Deborah Glowski
- Deborah Lund
- Deirdre Fottrell-Gould
- Denise Donaldson
- Denise Fleming-Brown
- Denise Laurienti
- Dennis Karounos
- Deo Rajat
- Derrick Bennett
- Devasmita Dev
- Dheeptha Radhakrishnan
- Diane Campbell
- Diane Watkins
- Diethelm Tschope
- Diliana Draganova
- Divya Birudaraju
- Dolores Rijos
- Domenico Santoro
- Dominic Fellowes
- Dominik Alscher
- Dominik Stoffler
- Donald Fraser
- Donata Lucci
- Donatella Bilucaglia
- Doo Yee Mah
- Doreen Zhu
- Doris Poehler
- Dorleena Gowen
- Duncan Browne
- Eason Chang
- Edmond Limon
- Edward Kinsella-Perks
- Edward Pereira
- Edwin Wong
- Egbert Schulz
- Eiichiro Kanda
- Eilbracht Jens
- Eirini Lioudaki
- Eitaro Nakashima
- Ekaterina Stellbrink
- Elaine Fung
- Eleanor Damian
- Elena Brioni
- Elias Ugwu
- Elif Turan
- Elisa Joye Petr
- Elisabeth Bahlmann-Kroll
- Elisabeth Laundy
- Elissa Williams
- Elizabeta Matvienko
- Elizabeth Newman
- Elizabeth Swanson
- Elke Preiss
- Elke Schettler
- Elliyyin Katiman
- Emberson Jonathan R
- Emi Kuroda
- Emily Chang
- Emily Harding
- Emily Laity
- Emily Sammons
- Emily Tropman
- Emma McHaffie
- Emma Sadler
- Emmie Cole
- Enric Vilar
- Eri Kogure
- Eri Nagashima
- Eri Yanagisawa
- Eric Wines
- Erika Perez
- Eriko Takahira
- Erin Latore
- Ester Baldini
- Esther Zhao Zhi Tan
- Etsuo Yoshidome
- Eunice Doctolero
- Eva Voigt
- Eve Miller-Hodges
- Evelina Grobovaite
- Evelyn Nadar
- Ewelina Eckrich
- Exodus Edmerson
- Fadia Boreky
- Fairol Huda Ibrahim
- Fang Chen
- Fang Feng
- Farah Amalina Mohamed Affandi
- Farah Hanis Zulkipli
- Farah Latif
- Farid Ghalli
- Fariz Safhan Mohamad Nor
- Federica Tripodi
- Federico Alberici
- Fengmin Shao
- Filippo Aucella
- Filippo Fani
- Filippo Farnia
- Florian Sonntag
- Fortunata Zirino
- France Samson
- Frances Morris
- Francesca Bianchini
- Francesco Pesce
- Francesco Russo
- Francesco Scolari
- Francesco Totaro
- Francisco Aguilar
- Francois Dube
- Francois Madore
- Frank McCarroll
- Frank Strutz
- Franz Putz
- Franziska Klauser
- Franziska Scheidemantel
- Freda Driver
- Frederic Rahbari-Oskoui
- Fujiko Hasegawa
- Fulvia Zappulo
- Fuye Yang
- Gabriele Eden
- Gaetano La Manna
- Gagandeep Dhillon
- Gail Evans
- Gail Makos
- Genesis Naverrete
- Genielle Brewer
- Gennaro Santorelli
- Georg Rainer Schlieper
- George Thomas
- Georges Nakhoul
- Geraldine Hernandez
- Gerard Martins
- Gerhard Klausmann
- Gerhard Schmidt
- Gianna Fabbri
- Gianni Carraro
- Gillian Whalley
- Gina Morig
- Giorgio Gentile
- Giovanna Leoncini
- Giovanni Gambaro
- Giovanni Piccinni
- Girish Shivashankar
- Giulia Nobili
- Giuseppe Cianciolo
- Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Giuseppe Spatoliatore
- Giuseppe Vezzoli
- Giuseppina Pessolano
- Godson Oguchi
- Golriz Jafari
- Goto Shinya
- Green Jennifer B
- Gregory Greenwood
- Guanguo Cui
- Guillermo Jimenez
- Gunnar Heine
- Gunter Wolf
- Guylaine Marcotte
- Haitao Zhang
- Haiyan Lin
- Hajar Ahmad Rosdi
- Hajime Nagasu
- Hamish Woodhouse
- Hanako Hase
- Hanna Reiner
- Hannah Kingston
- Hannah Turner
- Hans Schmidt-Gurtler
- Hao Dai
- Harald Darius
- Hari Dukka
- Hari Nair
- Harish Pariani
- Harold Szerlip
- Harpreet Bajaj
- Haruhito Uchida
- Haruka Sasajima
- Hasnah Yahaya
- Hasnain Khandwala
- Hauske Sibylle J
- Haynes Richard
- Heather Edwards
- Heather Henderson
- Heba Nosseir
- Helen Clarke
- Helen Eldon
- Helen French
- Helen Lochhead
- Helen Sparks
- Henry Brown
- Hermann Haller
- Herrington William G
- Hesham Ammar
- Hideki Fujii
- Hideki Kamiya
- Hideki Katagiri
- Hideo Araki
- Hideyoshi Kaga
- Hikari Uchi
- Hilary Tindall
- Hill Michael
- Hima Yalamanchili
- Hin Seng Wong
- Hirayasu Kai
- Hiroaki Sato
- Hirokazu Sugiyama
- Hiroko Inazawa
- Hiromasa Goto
- Hiromi Komori
- Hiromi Shimoda
- Hiroshi Kajio
- Hiroshi Kinashi
- Hiroshi Kojima
- Hiroshi Maegawa
- Hiroshi Morinaga
- Hiroshi Nishi
- Hirotaka Komaba
- Hirotaka Watada
- Hiroto Sugawara
- Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Hitomi Ito
- Hitomi Sato
- Hitomi Yoshikawa
- Hitoshi Iwasaki
- Hitoshi Kuwata
- Hitoshi Shimano
- Hitoshi Sugiyama
- Hitoshi Suzuki
- Holly Coles
- Holly Robinson
- Holly Waterfall
- Hong Cheng
- Hong Du
- Hong Liu
- Hooi Lai Seong
- Horst Weihprecht
- Huan Yean Kang
- Huaying Xiao
- Hubert Dumann
- Hugh Finn
- Hugh Murtagh
- Hui Xue
- Hui Yu
- Hui Zhong
- Huixia Cao
- Huzaifa Salim
- Hyder Jasim
- Iain MacDougall
- Ian Barton
- Ichiro Nojima
- Ikuko Kawai
- Imran Nazeer
- Ina Girakossyan
- Inga-Nadine Kummer
- Iradis Leal
- Irda Yasmoon Awang
- Irene Capelli
- Irene Leal
- Irina Schneider
- Isabel Rodriguez-Bachiller
- Ismeal Ahmed
- Itsuko Miyazawa
- Jack Dienes
- Jacob Maris
- Jaime Wiebel
- Jaime Yoke May Chan
- James Bushnell
- James Magee
- James Muir
- James Tomlinson
- James Wheeler
- Jamie Bhairoo
- Jan Jochims
- Jan Kielstein
- Jan Menne
- Jane Piper
- Janet Wittes
- Janice Rogers
- Janina Renner
- Jaskiran Saini
- Jasmine Gaidu
- Jason Stubbs
- Javelin Peji
- Javier Almeida
- Jay Cadorna
- Jean Park
- Jeevika Vinathan
- Jeffrey Dugas
- Jeffrey Mulhern
- Jeffrey Turner
- Jennifer B Green
- Jennifer Ingell
- Jennifer Kearney
- Jennifer Sheldon
- Jennifer Stanfield
- Jennifer Stickley
- Jennifer Wiley
- Jenny Finch
- Jenny Hansen
- Jenny Ingell
- Jens Passauer
- Jerome Loutan
- Jessica Kaufeld
- Jessica Terry
- Jesslyn Roesch
- Jesus Arroyo
- Jiamin Liu
- Jianfang Cai
- Jianying Niu
- Jie Huang
- Jiehui Chen
- Jill Barton
- Jim Moriarty
- Jing Li
- Jing Wu
- Jinghong Zhao
- Jiro Nakamura
- Jo Chambers
- Jo Taylor
- Joachim Beige
- Joanne Davies
- Joanne Gordon
- Joanne Kellett
- Jocelyn Berdeprado
- Joel Topf
- Johannes Stegbauer
- John Evans
- John Manley
- John Nolan
- John O'Toole
- John Smyth
- Jon Tyler
- Jonathan Emberson
- Jonathan Hecktman
- Jonathan Taliercio
- Jordan Osmond Foster
- Jorge Jesus-Silva
- Joseph Aiello
- Joseph Soufer
- Josephine Tse
- Joyce Bilton
- Ju Fan Tay
- Juan Fernandez
- Judepatricks Onyema
- Judge Parminder
- Judi Graham
- Judith Plummer-Morgan
- Judy Ann Acosta
- Judy Carle
- Judy Lee
- Julia Krappe
- Julia Weinmann-Menke
- Julian Stumpf
- Juliette Meek
- Jun Eguchi
- Jun Okajyo
- Jun Takeoka
- Jun Wada
- Junichiro Nakata
- Junko Sato
- Junko Wada
- Justin Davis
- Justyna Witczak
- Jyothis George
- Kadowaki Takashi
- Kah Mean Thong
- Kahla Damianik
- Kaho Shimamura
- Kai Quan Lee
- Kaitlin J Mayne
- Kaitlin Knapp
- Kaitlyn Preston
- Kaitlyn Staylor
- Kana Uozumi
- Kana Wakayama
- Kanae Fujita
- Kaori Oishi
- Kaori Okamura
- Karen Chung
- Karen Convery
- Karen Taylor
- Karina Urquia
- Karl Wallendszus
- Katarzyna Eichstadt
- Kate Frederick
- Kate Trivedi
- Katharine Draxlbauer
- Katherine R Tuttle
- Kathryn DeGoursey
- Kathryn Lafferty
- Kathryn Simmons
- Kathy McCray
- Katia Sloan
- Katrina Taylor
- Katsutaro Morino
- Katsuya Tanigaki
- Katsuyuki Tanabe
- Kay Tobin
- Kayaho Maeda
- Kayla Merritt
- Kayo Kaneko
- Kazue Sawada
- Kazuhiko Sakaguchi
- Kazuhiro Ito
- Kazuki Tajima
- Kazuo Izumi
- Kazushige Hirata
- Kazuyo Takahashi
- Kazuyuki Yuasa
- Kei Takahashi
- Keiji Kono
- Keiko Inomata
- Keisuke Habuki
- Keizo Kaneko
- Kelli McIntosh
- Kelly White
- Kendaling Bruce
- Kengo Kidokoro
- Kenichi Shikata
- Kenji Ishihara
- Kenji Sugawara
- Kenji Tsuji
- Kenneth Boren
- Kenneth Kay Leong Khoo
- Kenta Sugamori
- Kentaro Watanabe
- Kerelyn Garcia
- Kerri Gallo
- Kerry Read
- Kerstin Haaser
- Kevin Murphy
- Kevin Verdel
- Kieran McCafferty
- Kim Bocchicchia
- Kim Wren
- Kirsty Forsyth
- Kiyohiro Izumi
- Koichi Kato
- Koin Watanabe
- Koji Maruyama
- Kojiro Ueki
- Kok Seng Teng
- Koki Shin
- Koko Ishizuka
- Konstantin Herfurth
- Korina Rahmat
- Kosuke Masutani
- Kristin Marx
- Kristine Calabrese
- Krystle Williams
- Ku Ruziana Ku Md Razi
- Kulli Barrett
- Kumar Sharma
- Kun Peng
- Kunihiro Ogane
- Kunihiro Yamagata
- Kwame Ansu
- Kyle Jansson
- Laiseong Hooi
- Laith Al-Rabadi
- Lance Sloan
- Landray Martin J
- Lars Rump
- Laura Bough
- Laura Brown
- Laura Cipressa
- Laura Hume
- Laura Jones
- Laura Lui Sian Ngu
- Laura Pavone
- Lauren Elliott
- Lauren Liberti
- Lauren Price
- Lauren Richmond
- Laurie Jones
- Laurie Loudermilk
- Lavinia Negrea
- Lea Weiland
- Leanne Cosgrove
- Lena Schulte-Kemna
- Lenita Hanson
- Lesley McNeil
- Lesley Weaving
- Leslie Cham
- Leslie Cooperman
- Leslie Harvill
- Levin Adeera
- Li Lian Tay
- Li Wang
- Li Jing
- Liam Paulsen
- Liang Wei Wong
- Libo Hou
- Lihong Zhang
- Lihua Zhang
- Lik Wee Ee
- Lily Mushahar
- Lily Wilkinson
- Linda Hill
- Linda Seifert
- Linda Tenbusch
- Lindsay Alexander
- Lindsey Wood
- Ling Zhu
- Lingshan Zhao
- Lini Kurian
- Lisa Davis
- Lisa Hichkad
- Lisa Hudig
- Lisa Shainberg
- Liu Yang
- Liu Wen
- Liu Zhi-Hong
- Lixia Liu
- Liz Wincott
- Logan Aldrich
- Loke Meng Ong
- Loreto Gesualdo
- Lorna Murphy
- Lorraine Dajani
- Lothar Wolf
- Louis Raymond
- Louisa Davies
- Louise Bowman
- Louise Fuessl
- Louise Messinger
- Louise Moist
- Louise Tonks
- Luca De Nicola
- Luca Estienne
- Luca Manco
- Luciano Andriaccio
- Lucio Polese
- Lucy Fletcher
- Luigi Pennino
- Luis Becker
- Lukasz Danel
- Luminita Condurache
- Lydia Kamaruzaman
- Lydia Owen
- Lyn Howie
- Lynda Jeffers
- Lynn Vinall
- Maarten Taal
- Madita Gavrila
- Madlen Rohnstock
- Mae Sheikh-Ali
- Magdalena Maurer
- Maggie Berry
- Maggie Ryder
- Maggioni Aldo P
- Mahboob Rahman
- Mahmoud Montasser
- Mahsa Jahangiriesmaili
- Mahzuz Karim
- Maiko Hayashi
- Maja Zietz
- Maki Murakoshi
- Makiko Hashimoto
- Makiko Minatoguchi
- Makoto Kato
- Makoto Yamaguchi
- Malini Shanmuganathan
- Mandeep Sahani
- Mandy Visnjic
- Manoj Bhattarai
- Manuela Martin
- Manuela Winkler
- Mara Schemmelmann
- Marcela Fajardo-Moser
- Marco Melandri
- Margaret Glenwright
- Margit Schmude
- Margret Patecki
- Maria Elena Liberti
- Maria Kawai
- Maria Russo
- Maria Vourvou
- Maria Weetman
- Maria Zippo
- Marie Breitenfeldt
- Marie Devaux
- Marie Phipps
- Marie-Christine Talbot
- Marie-France Langlois
- Marie-Pier Roussel
- Mariko Miyazaki
- Mariko Nakahara
- Marilene Bolduc
- Marilyn Roman
- Marina Markovic
- Marion Carson
- Marion Iselt
- Marion Mafham
- Mark Caple
- Mark Hopley
- Mark Jesky
- Mark Segal
- Markus Ketteler
- Marla Turner
- Marlon Alegata
- Marta Espino Obrero
- Martia Augustin
- Martin Brzoska
- Martin Busch
- Martin Dursch
- Martin J Landray
- Martin Kachele
- Martin Radley
- Martina Brueckmann
- Martina Ceseri
- Martina Ruocco
- Mary Parrigon
- Mary Quashie-Akponeware
- Mary Seifert
- Mary Webster
- Masafumi Fukagawa
- Masahiro Koizumi
- Masahiro Konishi
- Masahiro Muto
- Masakazu Haneda
- Masaki Kondo
- Masako Koshino
- Masami Nakata
- Masao Kihara
- Masaomi Nangaku
- Masaru Kinomura
- Masashi Kitagawa
- Masashi Oe
- Masasi Mizuno
- Masato Sakai
- Masayo Katayama
- Masayu Amat
- Masayuki Maiguma
- Massey Dan
- Masumi Abe
- Masumi Sobata
- Mathura Bullen
- Matteo Piemontese
- Matthew Budoff
- Matthew Lacey
- Matthew Taddeo
- Matthias Girndt
- Maurie Tarlac
- Maurizio Caroppo
- Mauver Skipper
- Maximillian von-Eynatten
- Maya Joseph
- Maya Matsushita
- Maylin Garcia
- Mayne Kaitlin J
- Mayu Kiyota
- Mayu Watanabe
- Mayumi Ito
- Megan Miners
- Megumi Furusho
- Megumi Kondo
- Megumi Nozawa
- Mei Chih Cheng
- Melanie Kershaw
- Melissa Cagle
- Melissa Garrity
- Merilee Whalen
- Mia Hamm
- Michael Delaney
- Michael Fechter
- Michael Haase
- Michael Hill
- Michael Koch
- Michael Lay
- Michael Matthews
- Michael Rocco
- Michael Schomig
- Michael Shepperd
- Michael Sullivan
- Michael Tolibas
- Michael Wittmann
- Michal Hozak
- Micheli Bevilacqua
- Michelle Goonasekera
- Michelle Nunn
- Michi Kobayashi
- Michihiro Matsumoto
- Michiko Takahashi
- Michiyo Iwamoto
- Miduki Nakaoka
- Miguel Roura
- Mihaela Biscoveanu
- Miken Bhavsar
- Miki Asawa
- Mikio Motegi
- Minako Miyaji
- Minesh Patel
- Ming Gao
- Minoru Oda
- Minoru Satoh
- Mirela Dobre
- Misaki Nishi
- Misato Takezawa
- Misuzu Iwasa
- Mitsuru Ohsugi
- Miya Bryant
- Miyabi Ioka
- Miyu Kitajima
- Miyuka Kawai
- Miyuki Takagi
- Mizue Furukawa
- Mo Gray
- Mohamad Zaimi Abdul Wahab
- Mohammad Ahmad
- Mohammad Alhadj Ali
- Mohammad Faisal Asmee
- Mohammed Zayed
- Mohd Aidil Musa
- Mohd Kamil Ahmad
- Mohd Ramli Seman
- Mohsen Agharazii
- Momoko Sumi
- Monique Willett
- Moritz Schanz
- Motoharu Awazawa
- Motohiro Sekiya
- Motoko Takaoka
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- Rikako Nakamura
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- Sendogan Aker
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- Severin Schricker
- Shahbaz Ahmed
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- Sherry Gasko
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- Shiho Iwagaitsu
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- Shingo Iwasaki
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- Shinichi Nishi
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- Shinya Yoshida
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- Shivinder Jolly
- Shizuka Higashi
- Shogo Banno
- Shogo Kimura
- Shoichi Maruyama
- Shoji Saito
- Shoko Hayashi
- Shoko Otomo
- Shona Murray
- Shota Hashimoto
- Shraddha Shah
- Shuai Tang
- Shuang Xia
- Shuhan Zhou
- Shunichiro Asahara
- Shunsuke Goto
- Shweta Bansal
- Sian Griffin
- Sibylle J Hauske
- Silke Markau
- Simona Barberi
- Simona Bianco
- Simone Boedecker
- Simone Hagge
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- Simone Vettoretti
- Sina Rolfsmeier
- Sion Roy
- Siti Munirah Jaafar
- Siti Nabilah Mohamad Zaini
- Smeeta Sinha
- Smita Gunda
- Sodai Kubota
- Sofia Dayi
- Sonja Grotjahn
- Sonoka Yamamoto
- Soo Kun Lim
- Soon Yi Sor
- Sorcha Mulligan
- Sri Yarlagadda
- Sridhar Ramanaidu
- Srinivasan Beddhu
- Stacey-Ann Villaruel
- Stacie Hitchcock
- Stacy Gillham
- Staplin Natalie
- Stefan Degenhardt
- Stefan Haack
- Stefan Hantel
- Stefanie Jones
- Stefanie Kuhn
- Stephan Matthias
- Stephanie Bolton
- Stephanie Estcourt
- Stephanie Evans
- Stephanie Martinez
- Stephanie Rosenberg
- Stephanie Watson
- Stephanie Whittaker
- Stephany Topping
- Stephen Aronoff
- Steubl Dominik
- Steven Nagelberg
- Stevens Will
- Stewart Moffat
- Subash Somalanka
- Subha Clarke
- Subrata Debnath
- Sucharit Joshi
- Sue Ann Lee
- Sue Hewins
- SueAnn Squyres
- Sui Phin Kon
- Sunil Bhandari
- Sunita Bavanandan
- Suresh Ramadoss
- Suria Junus
- Susan Haskett
- Susan Hurley
- Susan McLaughlin
- Susannah Pajak
- Susanne Bodine
- Susanne Brenner
- Susumu Nakatani
- Suzannah Dorey
- Sybille Merscher
- Tabbatha Duck
- Tabinda Dugal
- Tadahiro Tomita
- Taeko Uchida
- Tai Meng Chen
- Takahiro Ishikawa
- Takahiro Kato
- Takahiro Matsunaga
- Takahiro Yamano
- Takako Kuramae
- Takako Ozawa
- Takanori Hyo
- Takashi Funayama
- Takashi Kadowaki
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Takashi Udagawa
- Takatoshi Otani
- Takayuki Katsuno
- Takehiko Wada
- Takehiro Sugiyama
- Takeshi Kurose
- Takeshi Miyatsuka
- Takeshi Ogihara
- Takuji Ishimoto
- Takuma Kojo
- Takuya Haraguchi
- Takuya Yokoyama
- Tamaki Sasaki
- Tamara Isakova
- Tammi Glider
- Tammy Ross
- Tanaji Dasgupta
- Taneera Ghate
- Taniya Nimbkar
- Tanvi Talsania
- Tara Johnson
- Tasuku Nagasawa
- Tatsuhito Himeno
- Tatyana Chavagnon
- Tejas Patel
- Teresa Kozlowski
- Teresa McKinley
- Terri Chant
- Tetsuya Hosooka
- Tetsuya Shigehara
- Thahir Abdul-Samad
- The EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group: Colin Baigent
- Theresa McCarthy
- Thiemo Pfab
- Thisun Saram
- Thomas Arnold
- Thomas Jones
- Thomas Phillips
- Thomas Pickett
- Thomas Sitter
- Thomas Walters
- Thomas Weinreich
- Tim Doulton
- Tim Williams
- Timothy Ellam
- Tina Harding
- Tina Ramsey
- Ting Meng
- Tingting Kan
- Tobias Bergler
- Toluleyi Sobande
- Tomoe Sato
- Tomohide Hayami
- Tomohito Gohda
- Tomohito Izumi
- Tomoka Nakamura
- Tomoki Kosugi
- Tomoko Hisatake
- Tomoko Morisaki
- Tomoko Takahashi
- Tomoko Takai
- Tomonori Hasegawa
- Tomoya Mita
- Torsten Schramm
- Toru Ikeda
- Toshiki Kano
- Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Toshiya Yamamoto
- Toshiyuki Komiya
- Toyoyoshi Uchida
- Tracey Cummins
- Tracy Fuller
- Tracy Spinola
- Trevor Greene
- Tricia Young
- Tristan Daniels
- Tsukasa Iwakura
- Tuttle Katherine R
- Tze Jian Ng
- Ulla Ludwig
- Ulrike Giebeln-Hudnell
- Ulrike Schmidt
- Urs Benck
- Ursula Hohenstatt
- Usah Lilavivat
- Vahid Mahabadi
- Vanessa Rivers
- Verlaine Stewart-Ray
- Veronica Poma
- Veronica Yousif
- Vesta Lai
- Vicki Adell
- Vicki Brindle
- Vicki Dodds
- Vicki Donley
- Vickie Jones
- Victoria Carnall
- Victoria Gonce
- Vimal Derebail
- Vinay Varad
- Vittorio Ortalda
- Vivian Yiu
- Vladimir Cejka
- Volker Schettler
- Volker Vielhauer
- Wael Eid
- Wagdy Basily
- Wakako Isari
- Wallendszus Karl
- Waltraud Kmietschak
- Wan Ahmad Faizal Alaidin Razali
- Wan Hazlina Wan Mohamad
- Wanner Christoph
- Waqar Ayub
- Waseem Karsan
- Wasim Deeb
- Wasim Hanif
- Wataru Ogawa
- Wei Wang
- Wei Wei
- Weijing Bian
- Weiping Hou
- Weixin Kong
- Wen Jiun Liu
- Wen Liu
- Wendy Arriaga
- Wiebke Kaluza-Schilling
- Will Stevens
- William Durham
- William G Herrington
- William G Herrington
- William Hodge
- William Petchey
- Wolf-Adam Seeger
- Wolfgang Seeger
- Wuhanbilige Hundei
- Xavier Rossello
- Xia Song
- Xiangcheng Xiao
- Xiaojing Jiao
- Xiaojue Li
- Xiaoliang Wang
- Xinzhou Zhang
- Xiumei Hu
- Xuejiao Liu
- Xueying Wang
- Yan Li
- Yanmei Xu
- Yanping Wang
- YanRu Qiao
- Yanwu Yu
- Yanyun Xie
- Yao Weng
- Yao Yao
- Yasemin Kavak
- Yasuhiko Furukawa
- Yasuhiko Ito
- Yasuhiko Kanaguchi
- Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Yasushi Iwaita
- Ye Mun Low
- Yee Yan Lee
- Yew Fong Liew
- Yi Loon Tye
- Yik Hong Wong
- Yik Shen Lim
- Ying Hu
- Ying Jiang
- Ying Kuan
- Ying Lu
- Yinghua Chen
- Yohei Ejima
- Yoko Inukai
- Yolanda Miller
- Yong Chieh Chan
- Yonghong Bu
- Yoshiaki Morishita
- Yoshie Shibata
- Yoshifumi Tamura
- Yoshihiko Yamasaki
- Yoshihisa Wada
- Yoshikazu Tamori
- Yoshiki Suzuki
- Yoshimitsu Yamasaki
- Yoshinari Yasuda
- Yoshinori Osaki
- Yoshiro Kato
- Yoshiyuki Hamamoto
- Yosuke Hirakawa
- Yosuke Nakagawa
- Youcef Mostefai
- Young Lee-Barkey
- Yu An
- Yu Chen
- Yu Chen Ong
- Yu Yamanouchi
- Yuana Mohd Yusoff
- Yuichiro Munakata
- Yuji Oe
- Yuka Sato
- Yuka Ueda
- Yukari Miura
- Yuki Fujita
- Yuki Fukao
- Yuki Omori
- Yukihiro Shimizu
- Yukihiro Yamaji
- Yukiko Nakayama
- Yukiko Toyonaga
- Yukiko Wakita
- Yuko Katsuda
- Yuko Makita
- Yuko Okada
- Yuko Orimo
- Yumi Osawa
- Yushi Hirota
- Yusuke Suzuki
- Yutaka Kamimura
- Yuya Nishida
- Yvette Webley
- Yvonne Ehrl
- Yvonne Jackson
- Zabrina Lozon
- Zaid Azhari
- Zaiha Harun
- Zainab Sheriff
- Zanaida Cooper
- Zay Htet
- Zhang Duan Tham
- Zhi-Hong Liu
- Zhirui Zhao
- Zhu Doreen
- Zhuo Tang
- Zohreh Forghani
- Zuber Patel
- Publication venue
- 'Massachusetts Medical Society'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2023
- Field of study
Background The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients. Methods We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to < 10 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2), a sustained decrease in eGFR of & GE;40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes. Results A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P < 0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P=0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M.
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
- Fisher Paul B.
- Flajolet Marc
- Flores Juan B. Kouri
- Florez-McClure Maria L.
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H.
- Fox Howard S.
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B.
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M.
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H.
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
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- Yu Long
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- Yuan Zhi-Min
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- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
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- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
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- Zhang Jing-Pu
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- Zhao Yi-Fang
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- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
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- Zhu Yuangang
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- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
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- Walker Cheryl L.
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- Yao Meng-Chao
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- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
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- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
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- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdelhaq Rami
- Abhinav Diwan
- Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Adalberto Merighi
- Adi Kimchi
- Adrian L. Harris
- Agnieszka Sirko
- Ahlberg J
- Ai Yamamoto
- Aimable Nahimana
- Aimee L. Edinger
- Aimin Wang
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Akio Kihara
- Akitsugu Yamamoto
- Aksam EB
- Alan Cheng
- Albert R. La Spada
- Alberto Jiménez
- Alec C. Kimmelman
- Ales Gregorc
- Alessandro Fanzani
- Alexander J. Whitworth
- Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki
- Alexandru Almasan
- Alexei Degterev
- Alexei Terman
- Alfred J. Meijer
- Alicia Meléndez
- Alison Simmons
- Allan B. Caplan
- Allan Tsung
- Allen Kaasik
- Alvin J.X. Lee
- Amal O. Amer
- Amber N. Hale
- Ameeta Kelekar
- Amy A. Kiger
- Ana Brennand
- Ana Coto-Montes
- Ana Maria Cuervo
- Ana Milojkovic
- Anas Younes
- Anastasis Stephanou
- Anders H. Lund
- Andrea Ballabio
- Andreas Brech
- Andreas Mayer
- Andreas S. Reichert
- Andreas Wyttenbach
- Andrei L. Gartel
- Andrew J. Halayko
- Andrew Lieberman
- Andrew Thorburn
- Andriy A. Sibirny
- Andriy Nemchenko
- Angelika A. Noegel
- Angelo De Milito
- Angelo Poletti
- Anil K. Sood
- Anil Prasad
- Ann Progulske-Fox
- Anna Katharina Simon
- Anna M. Giammarioli
- Anna M. Krichevsky
- Anna Nogalska
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Anne Régnier-Vigouroux
- Anne Simonsen
- Annie M. Joubert
- Anthony H.V. Schapira
- Anthony M.J. Sanchez
- Antoinette Lemoine
- Antonio Musarò
- Antonio Piras
- Antonio Zorzano
- Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
- Arthi Kanthasamy
- Ashok Kumar
- Assaf Rudich
- Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Atsuo Amano
- Attila L. Kovács
- Audrey Esclatine
- Augustine M.K. Choi
- Ausra Sasnauskiene
- Aviva M. Tolkovsky
- Baharia Mograbi
- Bakhos A. Tannous
- Barry Ganetzky
- Bassam Janji
- Beat C. Bornhauser
- Beat Nyfeler
- Beata Sikorska
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Ben A. Bahr
- Ben C.B. Ko
- Benjamin Dehay
- Benjamin Loos
- Berger B
- Bertrand Joseph
- Bertrand Mollereau
- Beth Levine
- BethAnn McLaughlin
- Biederbick A
- Binfeng Lu
- Bingren Hu
- Bingwei Lu
- Biolo G
- Birmingham CL
- Birmingham CL
- Björn Stork
- Bjørkøy G
- Bo Liu
- Bo Lu
- Boon-Huat Bay
- Boris Turk
- Boris Zhivotovsky
- Bradly G. Wouters
- Brian Herman
- Brian P. Rubin
- Brian Zuckerbraun
- Brigitte Galliot
- Brinda Ravikumar
- Brown CR
- Bruce A. Bamber
- Bruce H. Reed
- Bruno Calabretta
- Bryan Bellaire
- Bulent Ozpolat
- Byung-Wan Lee
- Bärbel Rohrer
- Bélanger M
- Cam Patterson
- Camilla Palumbo
- Camille Martinand-Mari
- Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Canhua Huang
- Cantino D
- Carine Michiels
- Carl G. Feng
- Carlos López-Otín
- Carlos S. Subauste
- Carmine Settembre
- Carol A. Mercer
- Carole Kretz-Remy
- Caroline A. Whitehouse
- Catherine McDermott
- Cathleen R. Carlin
- Cathy Tournier
- Caty Casas
- Chan EY
- Chang Hwa Jung
- Changlian Zhu
- Chanhee Kang
- Chao-Yu Miao
- Charbel E.-H. Moussa
- Charleen T. Chu
- Charles Grose
- Charles L. Edelstein
- Charles Swanton
- Chee-Yin Chai
- Chenghan Wu
- Chenguang Wang
- Chengyu Liang
- Cheol O. Joe
- Cheol-Heui Yun
- Chera S
- Cheryl L. Walker
- Chi Hin Cho
- Chi-Ming Che
- Chia-Yi Kuan
- Chiara Di Pietro
- Chien-an A. Hu
- Chihiro Sasakawa
- Ching-Chow Chen
- Chiou-Feng Lin
- Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Christian Behl
- Christian Behrends
- Christian G. Meyer
- Christian Münz
- Christian Poüs
- Christian Sell
- Christine McDonald
- Christoph Schüller
- Christopher H.K. Cheng
- Christopher J. Rhodes
- Christopher R. McMaster
- Chun-Feng Liu
- Chun-Nam Lok
- Chwen-Ming Shih
- Ciechomska IA
- Cindy K. Miranti
- Cinthya Sternberg
- Ciro Isidoro
- Clarissa von Haefen
- Clark W. Distelhorst
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- Claudine Kraft
- Claudio Brancolini
- Claudio D. Gonzalez
- Claudio Hetz
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- Claus Kerkhoff
- Clelia Miracco
- Clinton R. Bartholomew
- Colombo MI
- Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Congcong He
- Conrad C. Weihl
- Corey Nislow
- Cornelis A.M. de Haan
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- Cristiano Simone
- Cristina González-Estévez
- Cuervo AM
- Cécile Vindis
- Céline Gongora
- Da-zhi Xu
- Dagda RK
- Dalibor Mijaljica
- Daniel E. Johnson
- Daniel F. Schorderet
- Daniel H. Fowler
- Daniel J. Klionsky
- Daniel J. Ledbetter
- Daniel M. Béchet
- Daniela Marazziti
- Dao-Cheng Wu
- Daolin Tang
- Daotai Nie
- Dave Bridges
- David A. Gewirtz
- David A. Hood
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- David C. Rubinsztein
- David H. Kessel
- David H. Perlmutter
- David J. McConkey
- David K. Ann
- David L. Boone
- David M. Sabatini
- David S. Askew
- David Sulzer
- David Zacks
- Davide Malagoli
- Dawei Wang
- Debasish Sinha
- Denne SC
- Dennis E. Bulman
- Deok Ryong Kim
- Derek P. Narendra
- Derick G. Wansink
- Devrim Gozuacik
- Diane C. Bassham
- Diane C. Fingar
- Diane E. Merry
- Diane M. Ward
- Dieter Willbold
- Dimitri Krainc
- Dina Lev
- Dingzhong Tang
- Divaker Choubey
- Do-Hyung Kim
- Dong-Hou Kim
- Dong-Hyung Cho
- Dongsheng Cai
- Donna Denton
- DooSeok Choi
- Dubuisson JF
- Dun-Sheng Yang
- Duncan R. Smith
- Duska Separovic
- Ebru Goncu
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- Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin
- Elaine Silva-Zacarin
- Eldad Zacksenhaus
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- Emil Rudolf
- Enza Maria Valente
- Eric Chevet
- Eric H. Baehrecke
- Eric J. Brown
- Eriko Fujita
- Erwin Knecht
- Eskelinen E-L
- Eui-Bae Jeung
- Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Eva C. Vaquero
- Eva-Maria Mandelkow
- Evelina Gatti
- Ewout J. Houwerzijl
- F. Javier Oliver
- Fabio C. Abdalla
- Fabrizio Condorelli
- Faith E. Davies
- Fan Wang
- Faqiang Li
- Farkas T
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Federica Sotgia
- Felix Randow
- Fen Wang
- Fen-Biao Gao
- Feng Han
- FengFeng Tian
- Fernando Macian
- Filomena Fiorito
- Fimia GM
- Fiona M. Menzies
- Francesca Bernassola
- Francesca Demarchi
- Francesca Rovetta
- Francesco Cecconi
- Francesco Fornai
- Francis V. Chisari
- Franco Fortunato
- Frank A. Sinicrope
- Frank C. Dorsey
- Frank Lafont
- Frank Madeo
- Fraser P. Coxon
- Fréderic Luciano
- Frédéric Bost
- Frédéric Gros
- Fu-Cheng Lin
- Fujii S
- Fukagawa NK
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Fumihiko Takeshita
- G. Angus McQuibban
- Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Gabriella Marfe
- Gail V.W. Johnson
- Galliot B
- Gang Min Hur
- Garber AJ
- Gary D. Grant
- Gary K. Ostrander
- Gary K. Schwartz
- Geert Bultynck
- Gengfu Xiao
- Genzou Takemura
- Georg Ramm
- George F. Gao
- George Perry
- George R. Jackson
- Gerald M. McInerney
- Gerry Melino
- Ghasem Hoseini Salekdeh
- Giampietro Viola
- Gian Maria Fimia
- Gianluca Tettamanti
- Gilbert Di Paolo
- Giorgio Casari
- Giovanna Elvira Granato
- Giulia Baldini
- Giuseppe Arancia
- Giusti C
- Glauco Tocchini-Valentini
- Glen E. Palmer
- Glenn Randall
- Godefridus J. Peters
- Goncu E
- Goran Petrovski
- Gordon C. Shore
- Gordon PB
- Gordon PB
- Gosai SJ
- Graham H. Coombs
- Graham S. Taylor
- Greet Van den Berghe
- Gregory A. Taylor
- Guan J
- Guang-Chao Chen
- Guanghui Wang
- Gudmundur V. Helgason
- Guido Kroemer
- Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- Guillermo Mariño
- Guillermo Velasco
- Guo-Qiang Chen
- Gur P. Kaushal
- Gustavo Egea
- Guy Salvesen
- Gyesoon Yoon
- Gyun Min Lee
- György Szabadkai
- Gábor Juhász
- Gábor Juhász
- Gérard Pierron
- Gökhan S. Hotamisligil
- H. Peter Rodemann
- Hagai Abeliovich
- Haichao Wang
- Han-Jung Chae
- Han-Ming Shen
- Hannah Rabinowich
- Hans-Uwe Simon
- Hany Khalil
- Harald Stenmark
- Harm H. Kampinga
- Haruo Kanno
- Hassan Chaachouay
- Hee Jeong Kong
- Heesun Cheong
- Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Helmut Krämer
- Henri Batoko
- Henri Bernardi
- Henry N. Ginsberg
- Herbert J. Zeh III
- Hermann M. Schätzl
- Hernan Roca
- Hesham M. Al-Younes
- Hilary A. Coller
- Hiromitsu Kanamori
- Hiroshi Aoki
- Hiroshi Koga
- Hiroshi Sakagami
- Hirotaka Watada
- Hiroyasu Nakano
- Hiroyuki Ishida
- Hirsimäki Y
- Hisashi Ashida
- Hisashi Harada
- Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- Ho Jeong Kwon
- Ho Jin You
- Hong Jiang
- Hong Zhang
- Hong-Gang Wang
- Hong-Ming Hu
- Hongchi Jiang
- Horng-Dar Wang
- Howard S. Fox
- Hsing-Jien Kung
- Huan-Yao Lei
- Hui-Ling Chiang
- Hui-Ling Zhang
- Huizhou Fan
- Hutchins MU
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- Hyung Jun Ahn
- Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Hyunjung J. Lim
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- Ian G. Ganley
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- Ivan Dikic
- Ivana Novak
- Iwai-Kanai E
- J. Lindsay Whitton
- J. Paul Taylor
- J. Wade Harper
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- Jae-Sung Kim
- Jae-Young Koh
- Jakub Golab
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- James H. Shelhamer
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- James M. Cregg
- James M. Phang
- Jan A.K.W. Kiel
- Jan B. Parys
- Jan C. Koch
- Jan Gunst
- Janice S. Blum
- Jason E. Gestwicki
- Jason S. King
- Javier A. Menendez
- Javier Alegre-Abarrategui
- Javier Calvo-Garrido
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- Jay E. Brenman
- Jayanta Debnath
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- Jean X. Jiang
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- Jean-Pierre Bourquin
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- Jeffrey A. Haspel
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- Jianxin Peng
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- John J. Reiners Jr.
- John J. Shacka
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- John M. Pawelek
- John P. Aris
- John Tower
- John W. Wiley
- Jomain-Baum M
- Jon D. Lane
- Jonathan P. Butchar
- Jong Bok Seo
- Jongdae Lee
- Jorge Moscat
- Joseph A. Hill
- Joseph J. Cullen
- Joseph J.Y. Sung
- José A. Sánchez-Alcázar
- José L. Crespo
- José L. Revuelta
- José Leiro
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- José Miguel Vicencio
- Josée N. Lavoie
- Ju Huang
- Ju-Hong Jeon
- Ju-hyun lee
- Juan B. Kouri Flores
- Juan Fueyo
- Juan L. Iovanna
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
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- Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso
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- Karen E. Duff
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- Karin Thevissen
- Karina R. Bortoluci
- Karl Münger
- Kasper M.A. Rouschop
- Katarina Kågedal
- Katherine R. Parzych
- Katie Marchbank
- Katsuhiko Asanuma
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- Kay F. Macleod
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- Keiji Tanaka
- Keiji Wada
- Keisuke Miyazawa
- Keisuke Obara
- Ken Cadwell
- Ken Inoki
- Ken Sato
- Ken-ichi Isobe
- Kenichi Shibuya
- Ketteler R
- Kevin M. Ryan
- Kevin Moreau
- Kevin S.W. Tan
- Khong Bee Kang
- Khosrow Adeli
- Kiichi Nakahira
- Kim A. Heidenreich
- Kim D. Finley
- Kim N. Green
- Kimura S
- Kinya Otsu
- Kirill Rosen
- Klaus Ruckdeschel
- Klionsky DJ
- Klionsky DJ
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- Klionsky DJ
- Kohki Yoshimoto
- Koji Okamoto
- Komatsu M
- Kominami E
- Konstantinos Ritis
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- Kovács J
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- Kozo Fujisaki
- Kozo Tanaka
- Krisztina Takács-Vellai
- Kui Lin
- Kuma A
- Kun-Liang Guan
- Kuninori Suzuki
- Kwang Il Kang
- Kyeong Sook Choi
- Kyu Lim
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- Laurent Le Cam
- Lawrence H. Boise
- Lea M.D. Delbridge
- Lena F. Burbulla
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- Leon O. Murphy
- Leonardo H. Travassos
- Leonidas C. Platanias
- Leonidas Stefanis
- Lester M. Davids
- Leticia A.M. Carneiro
- Levine B
- Leyuan Liu
- Li Yu
- Lian Li
- Liang Qin
- Liang Xu
- Lih-Shen Chin
- Lin Zhang
- Linda F. van Dyk
- Linda J. Bendall
- Linda Sealy
- Lisa B. Frankel
- Lisa M. Ellerby
- Lixin Wei
- Lizhi Cao
- Long Yu
- Long Zhang
- Long-Ping Wen
- Lorena Garcia
- Lori A. Hazelhurst
- Lorianne S. Turner
- Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum
- Lotta Agholme
- Luca Benetti
- Luca Scorrano
- Lucia Notterpek
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Lucile Espert
- Ludger Klein
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- Min Chen
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- Minnie Sarwal
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- Nadezda Apostolova
- Nadia Zaffaroni
- Nadine Camougrand
- Nana Y.O. Asare
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- Nicholas T. Ktistakis
- Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
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- Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Xiao-Ming Yin
- Xiaolei Xu
- Xiaoning Bi
- Xiaoxiang Zheng
- Xiequn Chen
- Xinbing Sui
- Xinglong Wang
- Xiongwei Zhu
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- Xu Dong Zhang
- Xue-Jun Li
- Xue-Yuan Bai
- Xuejun Jiang
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- Ya Hua
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- Yi Zhen Deng
- Yi-Fang Zhao
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Yi-Ping Li
- Ying Zhao
- Ying-Jan Wang
- Yingyu Chen
- Yipeng Wang
- Yohta Shimada
- Yokota S
- Yong Ma
- Yong-Joon Chwae
- Yong-Keun Jung
- Yong-Sun Kim
- Yonghyun Kim
- Yongqi Fang
- Yongqiang Chen
- Yoon-A Kang
- Yoshiaki Kamada
- Yoshihiro Shidoji
- Yoshimori T
- Yoshimura K
- Yoshinori Kawazoe
- Yoshitaka Isaka
- Yoshitaka Takano
- Yotaro Izumi
- You-Wen He
- Youji Feng
- Young Ho Koh
- Young-Chau Liu
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Yuan Tian
- Yuangang Zhu
- Yuji Moriyasu
- Yuko Yoshikawa
- Yule Liu
- Yung-Feng Liao
- Yves L. Marcel
- Zahra Zakeri
- Zelda H. Cheung
- Zhang H
- Zhen Fan
- Zhen Lu
- Zhen-Bo Wang
- Zheng Dong
- Zheng-Hong Qin
- Zhenyu Yue
- Zhi-Jun Sun
- Zhi-Min Yuan
- Zhifen Yang
- Zhigang Charles Wang
- Zhijun Xi
- Zhinong Wang
- Zhiping Xie
- Zhixiang Chen
- Zhizhuang J. Zhao
- Zhonglin Xie
- Zhou G
- Zhu H
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- Zu-Hang Sheng
- Zuzana Papackova
- Zvulun Elazar
- Åsa B. Gustafsson
- Øverbye A
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field