The Open Navigation Surface Project

Many hydrographic and oceanographic agencies have moved or are moving towards gridded bathymetric products. However, there is no accepted format to allow these grids to be exchanged while maintaining data and metadata integrity. This paper describes the Open Navigation Surface (ONS) Project, which aims to fill this gap. The ONS Project is an open-source software project designed to provide a freely available, portable source-code library to encapsulate gridded bathymetric surfaces with associated uncertainty values. The data file format is called a Bathymetric Attributed Grid (BAG). The BAG is developed and maintained by the ONS Working Group (ONSWG), and the source code is available via the ONS websit

The Open Navigation Surface Project

Many hydrographic and oceanographic agencies have moved or are moving towards gridded bathymetric products. However, there is no accepted format to allow these grids to be exchanged while maintaining data and metadata integrity. This paper describes the Open Navigation Surface (ONS) Project, which aims to fill this gap. The ONS Project is an open-source software project designed to provide a freely available, portable source-code library to encapsulate gridded bathymetric surfaces with associated uncertainty values. The data file format is called a Bathymetric Attributed Grid (BAG). The BAG is developed and maintained by the ONS Working Group (ONSWG), and the source code is available via the ONS website.Muchas agencies hidrogrâficas y oceanogrâficas se han orientado o se estân orientando hacia los productos batimétricos cuadriculados. Sin embargo, no existe un formato aceptado para que estas cuadricuias sean intercambiadas manteniendo la integridad de los datos y los meta datos. Este articulo describe el Proyecto « Superficie de Navegaciôn Abierta » (ONS) cuyo objeto es cubrir este vacio. El proyecto ONS es un proyecto de software de fuente abierta disehado para proveer una biblioteca portâtil de côdigo fuente de libre disponibilidad para encapsular superficies batimétricas cuadriculadas con sus valores de incertidumbre asociados. El formato de archivo de datos es llamado Cuadricula Batimétrica Tributada (BAG). El BAG es desarrollado y mantenido por el Grupo de Trabajo ONS (ONSWG), y el côdigo fuente es disponible a través de sitio web de ONS.De nombreuses agences hydrographiques et océanographiques se sont orientées ou s ’orientent actuellement vers les produits bathymétriques quadrillés. Toutefois, il n'existe pas de format accepté qui permette à ces quadrillages d'être échangés tout en conservant l’intégrité des données et des métadonnées. Le présent article décrit le projet ONS (Open Navigation Surface) qui vise à combler cette lacune. Le projet ONS est un projet de logiciel libre conçu pour fournir une bibliothèque portable de code source à libre disponibilité devant encapsuler des surfaces bathymétriques maillées avec des valeurs d'incertitude associées. Le format du fichier des données est appelé Carroyage bathymétrique attribué (BAG). Le BAG est développé est tenu à jour par le groupe de travail ONS et le code source est disponible sur le site Web ONS

Tissue engineering: state of the art in oral rehabilitation

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74998/1/j.1365-2842.2009.01939.x.pd

Effects of fluoxetine on functional outcomes after acute stroke (FOCUS): a pragmatic, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial

Background Results of small trials indicate that fluoxetine might improve functional outcomes after stroke. The FOCUS trial aimed to provide a precise estimate of these effects. Methods FOCUS was a pragmatic, multicentre, parallel group, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial done at 103 hospitals in the UK. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, had a clinical stroke diagnosis, were enrolled and randomly assigned between 2 days and 15 days after onset, and had focal neurological deficits. Patients were randomly allocated fluoxetine 20 mg or matching placebo orally once daily for 6 months via a web-based system by use of a minimisation algorithm. The primary outcome was functional status, measured with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), at 6 months. Patients, carers, health-care staff, and the trial team were masked to treatment allocation. Functional status was assessed at 6 months and 12 months after randomisation. Patients were analysed according to their treatment allocation. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN83290762. Findings Between Sept 10, 2012, and March 31, 2017, 3127 patients were recruited. 1564 patients were allocated fluoxetine and 1563 allocated placebo. mRS data at 6 months were available for 1553 (99·3%) patients in each treatment group. The distribution across mRS categories at 6 months was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (common odds ratio adjusted for minimisation variables 0·951 [95% CI 0·839–1·079]; p=0·439). Patients allocated fluoxetine were less likely than those allocated placebo to develop new depression by 6 months (210 [13·43%] patients vs 269 [17·21%]; difference 3·78% [95% CI 1·26–6·30]; p=0·0033), but they had more bone fractures (45 [2·88%] vs 23 [1·47%]; difference 1·41% [95% CI 0·38–2·43]; p=0·0070). There were no significant differences in any other event at 6 or 12 months. Interpretation Fluoxetine 20 mg given daily for 6 months after acute stroke does not seem to improve functional outcomes. Although the treatment reduced the occurrence of depression, it increased the frequency of bone fractures. These results do not support the routine use of fluoxetine either for the prevention of post-stroke depression or to promote recovery of function. Funding UK Stroke Association and NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme

Deposition of nonfouling plasma polymers to a thermoplastic silicone elastomer for microfluidic and biomedical applications

Plasma polymerization is used for the modification and control of surface properties of a highly transparent, thermoplastic elastomeric silicone copolymer, GENIOMER® 80 (G80). PEG-like diglyme plasma polymer films were deposited with ether retentions varying between 20% and 70% as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis which did not affect the transparency of the substrate. Films with ether retentions of greater than 70% inhibit protein binding (bovine serum albumin and fibrinogen) and cell proliferation. A short oxygen plasma pretreatment enhances the adhesion and stability of the film as shown by protein binding and cell adhesion experiments. The transparency of the material and the stability of the coating makes this material a versatile bulk material for technical (e.g., lab-on-a-chip) and biomedical (e.g., intraocular lens) applications. The G80/plasma polymer composite is stable against vigorous washing and storage over 5 months and, therefore, offers an attractive alternative to poly(dimethylsiloxane)

Utilizing heat regeneration within hydraulic pressure accumulator

Tekniikan kehittyessä toimilaitteiden ja järjestelmien suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa laitteiden ja koneiden energia- ja kustannustehokkuus nousevat jatkuvasti tärkeämpään rooliin. Hydraulisilla toimilaitteilla saavutetaan korkea tehotiheys, mutta järjestelmien kokonaishyötysuhde on usein heikko. Hyötysuhdetta voidaan nostaa lisäämällä järjestelmiin energian talteenotto, jolloin työkierroista voidaan normaalisti hukkaan menevää energiaa varastoida ja käyttää uudelleen seuraavassa työkierrossa. Hydraulisissa energian talteenottojärjestelmissä energiaa varastoidaan tyypillisesti hydraulipaineakkuihin. Paineakuissa energia varastoituu puristamalla paineakun kaasutilavuudessa olevaa kaasua. Puristusvaiheen aikana kaasun lämpötila nousee ja lämpö alkaa virrata paineakusta ympäristöön. Tämä energian virtaaminen ympäristöön muodostaa merkittävimmän yksittäisen paineakun hyötysuhdetta laskevan tekijän. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli nostaa mäntäpaineakun hyötysuhdetta hyödyntämällä lämmön regenerointia. Lämmön regeneroinnilla pyritään varastoimaan kaasussa puristusvaiheessa syntyvä lämpöenergia lämpöregeneraattoriin ja luovuttamaan energia takaisin kaasuun paineakun purkusyklin aikana. Työssä suunniteltu lämpöregeneraattori perustui faasimuutosmateriaalien hyödyntämiseen energiavarastona. Faasimuutosmateriaalit soveltuvat erinomaisesti lämpövarastoiksi, sillä ne kykenevät sitomaan suuren määrän energiaa faasimuutoksen aikana, jolloin työssä suunniteltu lämpöregeneraattori saatiin mahdutettua mäntäpaineakun sisälle. Työssä saatujen mittaustuloksien perusteella pääteltiin, että lämpöregeneraattorin dynamiikan merkitys nousi merkittävämmäksi kuin lämpöregeneraattorin kyky varastoida lämpöenergiaa. Lämpöregeneraattorin hidas dynamiikka ei mahdollista tehokasta energian talteenottoa nopeista puristus- tai purkusykleistä, ja tämän takia lämpöregeneraattorista saatava hyöty jäi pieneksi. Työssä toteutetulla lämpöregeneraattorilla saavutettiin parhaimmillaan 3 prosenttiyksikön hyötysuhteen nousu verrattaessa samaan mäntäpaineakkuun ilman lämmön regenerointia.As new technological advances are made the importance of energy efficiency and cost effective solutions are even more important when designing and producing new machine systems. Hydraulic systems offer great performance in different actuators, but the general efficiency of the whole hydraulic systems is usually low. Energy efficiency can be improved by utilizing energy recovery systems. With energy recovery some of the normally wasted energy can be recovered and used in the next work cycle. Hydraulic energy recovery systems usually store energy in hydraulic pressure accumulators. Within the hydraulic pressure accumulator, energy is stored by compressing gas inside the accumulator’s gas volume. When compressing gas, heat builds up within the gas and temperature difference between the gas and its surroundings causes heat energy to flow out of the gas. This energy flow is the single most significant factor lowering energy efficiency of the accumulator. The goal of this study was to increase the efficiency of piston type hydraulic pressure accumulator by utilizing heat regeneration. With heat regeneration, heat energy that is generated in the gas during compression cycle is stored in the heat regenerator to be released during the following decompression cycle. Heat regenerator designed in this study utilizes phase change materials to store heat energy. Phase change materials absorb a lot of energy during phase change and thus they are commonly used as heat storages. The results obtained in this study indicate that the dynamic properties of the heat regenerator are more important than the capability to store heat energy. Low dynamic properties prevent the heat regenerator from storing and releasing energy effectively during fast compression and decompression cycles. With the heat regenerator designed in this study the energy efficiency of the accumulator increased by maximum of 3 percentage units when compared to the same accumulator without heat regeneration