Deteksi Perkembangan Lahan Terbangun Kota Gorontalo Berdasarkan Citra Last (Landsat, Aster, & Sentinel-2a) (Detection of the Built-up Area Development in Gorontalo City Based on Last (Landsat, Aster, & Sentinel-2a) Imagery)

–Lahan terbangun mudah ditemukan di wilayah perkotaan yang merupakan penggunaan lahan paling banyak dibandingkan penggunaan lahan lainnya. Perkembangan lahan terbangun turut meningkat seiring pertambahan jumlah penduduk dan peningkatan aktivitas ekonomi. Sebagian besar aktivitas penduduk berupa ekonomi, jasa, perdagangan, perkantoran, pendidikan, kesehatan, dan sarana hiburan yang terpusat di wilayah perkotaan menyebabkan ketersediaan lahan non-terbangun kian menyusut pula. Deteksi lahan terbangun dapat dikaji dari data penginderaan jauh menggunakan indeks perkotaan (urban index), klasifikasi multispektral (supervised and unsupervised classification), dan saluran spektral (spectral bands). Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi lahan terbangun berdasarkan citra multis-sensor dan multi-temporal. Citra landsat 5 TM, landsat 8, ASTER, dan sentinel-2B (LAST) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Pengolahan citra digital dilakukan pada masing-masing citra yang menggunakan metode klasifikasi terbimbing algoritma support vector machine (SVM). Sebanyak empat kelas tutupan lahan diambil, yaitu lahan terbangun, vegetasi, lahan terbuka dan tubuh air. Sampel kelas lahan terbangun diambil sebanyak 31 titik secara random sampling yang tersebar di wilayah penelitian. Uji validasi dilakukan untuk masing-masing citra berdasarkan ground check. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan lahan terbangun mengarah ke utara, dan perbedaan luasan informasi lahan terbangun yang disebabkan perbedaan resolusi spasial. Kata kunci: lahan terbangun, landsat, aster, sentinel, klasifikasi terbimbing, Gorontal

Identifikasi Potensi Alam Desa Dulangeya Sebagai Kawasan Wisata Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis (Identification of the Natural Potential of Dulangeya Village as a Tourism Area Using Geographic Information Systems)

- Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Dulangeya Kecamatan Botumoito Kabupaten Boalemo. Desa Dulangeya merupakan salah satu Desa di Kecamatan Botumoito yang memiliki Sumber Daya Alam (SDA) yang layak untuk dijadikan sebagai obyek daya tarik wisata alam. Potensi alam tersebut berupa sumber mata air panas, mangrove dan pesisir pantai berpasir putih berdasarkan hal tersebut maka tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi potensi alam di Desa Dulangeya menjadi kawasan wisata dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi SIG. Metode dan analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode wawancara dan observasi yaitu metode yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kelayakan potensi alam di Desa Dulangeya yang akan dijadikan sebagai kawasan wisata dan dianalisis secara spasial dan skoring. Hasil analisis spasial berdasarkan peta tutupan lahan, peta lereng dan peta geologi menunjukan bahwa Desa Dulangeya memiliki tutupan lahan (hutan mangrove primer, hutan mangrove sekunder, pertanian lahan kering, pertanian lahan kering bercampur semak/belukar), tataran geologi aluvium dan granodiorit serta kemiringan lereng yang berkisar antara 2-5% dan 5-15%. Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil analisis skoring untuk setiap kriteria penilian adalah daya tarik (94,44%), aksesibilitas (70,83%), akomodasi (33,33%) serta sarana dan prasana (70%). Berdasarkan hasil analisis spasial dan analisis skoring menunjukkan bahwa Desa Dulangeya merupakan salah satu Desa di Kecamatan Botumoito yang memiliki potensi SDA yang layak untuk dijadikan sebagai salah satu obyek wisata alam. Kata Kunci: Potensi Alam, Wisata, Desa Dulangeya, SI

Analisis Spasio-temporal Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (Dbd) Di Kabupaten Gorontalo (Spatio-temporal Analysis of Dengue Health Fever (Dbd) in Gorontalo District)

– Data dan informasi secara spasial dan temporal sangat berguna dalam upaya mengurangi jumlah kejadain DBD di setiap Daerah, dan Kabupaten Gorontalo belum memiliki informasi secara spasial dan temporal mengenai kejadian DBD, Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis data dan informasi kejadian DBD di Kabupaten Gorontalo secara spasiotemporal. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Gorontalo.Sebuah perangkat lunak ArcGIS 10.1 diaplikasikan dalam penelitian ini untuk melihat secara epidemiologi deskriptif yang disajikan dalam bentuk peta, dan tabel yang kemudian digambarkan secara tumpang susun dengan data kejadian DBD melalui sistem informasi geografis (SIG). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam enam tahun terakhir, sejak Tahun 2010 hingga Tahun 2016 Kabupaten Gorontalo mengalami KLB DBD di Kecamatan Limboto, kemudian pada tahun 2013-2016 terdapat 9 Kecamatan yang mengalami KLB DBD yakni Kecamatan Telaga, Telaga Jaya, Telaga Biru, Limboto Barat, Tilango, Tibawa, Bilato dan Tabongo yang ditandai oleh peningkatan kasus pada setiap tahun di Wilayah bagian Timur Kabupaten Gorontalo tepatnya berada di area Kawasan Danau Limboto. jika diverivikasi menggunakan data Curah Hujan, Kejadian DBD di Kabupaten Gorontalo pada tahun 2011 hingga tahun 2015 tidak dipengaruhi oleh jumlah Curah Hujan akan tetapi berbeda dengan kejadian DBD pada tahun 2016 yang justru dipengaruhi oleh jumlah Curah Hujan yang tinggi. Kata kunci: spasio-temporal, sig, demam berdarah dengue, Gorontal

Interpretasi Lahan Sawah Di Kecamatan Limboto Barat Menggunakan Citra Landsat 8 Oli (Interpretation of Paddy Fields in West Limboto Subdistrict Using Landsat 8 Oli)

- One of the issues of national food security is the availability of staple food in the form of rice in a sustainability. The availability of paddy fields in West Limboto subdistrict, which is one of the rice producing areas in Gorontalo Regency needs to be interpreted to be known if there is land conversion in the future. Calculation of rice fields can be interpreted using remote sensing data. The purpose of this research is to interpreationt the extent of paddy field located in West Limboto subdistrict. Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) acquired November 20, 2015 is the data used in this study. GPS measuring instrument is used as a tool for checking the coordinates of sample points that will be in the fiel d check. The method by digital image processing landsat 8 OLI using supervised classification algorithm maximum likelihood. Landsat 8 layer stacking process then do corrected geometric. Unsupervised classification is performed as an initial interpretation stage to classify land cover and also as sample point extraction. Total 18 sample points were taken that were used for ground data. Reclassified using supervised method processing after finished ground data. The results show that the paddy fields about 886,66 ha spread in 8 villages. Keywords: paddy fields, supervised, mapping, west limboto, Gorontal

Analisis Kesesuaian Penggunaan Lahan Berdasarkan Arahan Fungsi Kawasan Di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Alo Kabupaten Gorontalo (Analysis of the Suitability of Land Use Based on the Direction of the Function of the Area in Alo Basin in Gorontalo District)

- Penetapan fungsi kawasan sangat penting guna menjaga kelestarian dan mencegah kerusakan lingkungan, sehingga dapat meningkatan keselamatan, kesejahteraan serta Kenyamanan hidup. Kejadian longsor di Kabupaten Gorontalo sebagian dari wilayah DAS Alo yaitu berada di Kecamatan Pulubala dan Kecamatan Tibawa telah menghancurkan 221 buah rumah, 31 buah rumah di antaranya rusak parah, dan korban luka-luka sejumlah 628 orang. Selain itu yang menjadi faktor penyebab longsoran di DAS Alo diantaranya adalah faktor lereng, jenis tanah, curah hujan yang tinggi dan pemanfaatan lahan oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Memetakan arahan fungsi utama kawasan di DAS Alo berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 837/Kpts/Um/11/1980 (2) Menganalisis kesesuaian penggunaan lahan di DAS Alo berdasarkan arahan fungsi utama kawasan dan menyajikannya dalam bentuk peta. Metode dan analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah skoring, overlay, dan survey lapangan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis DAS Alo memiliki 4 arahan fungsi kawasan yaitu Arahan fungsi kawasan lindung memilki luas 93.09 ha (0.40%), kawasan penyangga 4970.74 ha (21.13), kawasan budidaya tanaman tahunan 3614,56 ha (15,37%), sedangkan kawasan budidaya tanaman semusim dan pemukiman memilki luas sebasar 14.843,3 ha (63,10%). Sebagian besar pemanfaatan lahan di DAS Alo dikatakan sudah sesuai terhadap arahan fungsi kawasan, dimana lahan sesuai memilki luas 18.566,6 ha atau 79,05 % sedangkan lahan yang tidak sesuai 4.920,7 ha atau 20,95 % dari seluruh wilayah DAS Alo. Kata kunci: kesesuaian lahan, arahan fungsi lahan, daerah aliran sungai alo, Gorontal

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication