Barley <i>lys3</i> mutants are unique amongst shrunken-endosperm mutants in having abnormally large embryos

Many shrunken endosperm mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) have been described and several of these are known to have lesions in starch biosynthesis genes. Here we confirm that one type of shrunken endosperm mutant, lys3 (so called because it was first identified as a high-lysine mutant) has an additional phenotype: as well as shrunken endosperm it also has enlarged embryos. The lys3 embryos have a dry weight that is 50?150% larger than normal. Observations of developing lys3 embryos suggest that they undergo a form of premature germination and the mature lys3 grains show reduced dormancy. In many respects, the phenotype of barley lys3 is similar to that of rice GIANT EMBRYO mutants (affected in the OsGE gene). However, the barley orthologue of OsGE is located on a different chromosome from Lys3. Together these results suggest that the gene underlying Lys3 is unlikely to encode a starch biosynthesis protein but rather a protein influencing grain developmentpublishersversionPeer reviewe

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Latin American Theories of development And Underdevelopment

viii,295 hlm.;22 c

Types of agrarian reform and their contradictions: The case of Chile

The purpose of this article is to analyze the limitations and contradictions of agrarian reforms. Basically two types of agrarian reforms are distinguished: reformist and radical. Both types are analysed by drawing on the Chilean experience. The aims and the implementation of each type of agrarian reform are presented before proceeding to their assessment. The contradictions which emerge between the economic, social and political consequences of the two types of agrarian reform are highlighted. Finally the analysis of the peasants' estates seizures in the Melipilla region during the Allende government shows the high degree of organization and class consciousness achieved by the peasantry, but above all it reveals the limitations and contradictions of the “Chilean road to Socialism”. Le but de cet article est d'analyser les limites et les contradictions des réformes agraires. Fondamentalement, deux types de réformes agraires sont distingués: le type réformiste et le type radical. Ces deux types sont analysés sur la base de l'expérience chilienne. L'appréciation de chaque type de réforme agraire est précédée par une présentation de ses buts et de sa mise en oeuvre. Les contradictions entre les conséquences économiques, sociales et politiques des deux types de réformes sont mises en évidence. Finalement l'analyse des occupations de propriétés foncières par les paysans dans le région de Melipilla sous le gouvernement Allende révèle le haut degré d'organisation et de conscience de classe atteint par la classe paysanne. Mais elle révèle surtout les limites de la ≪voie chilienne vers le socialisme≫. Absicht dieses Artikels ist es, die Grenzen und Widersprüche von Agrarreformen zu analysieren. Grundsätzlich können zwei Typen unterschieden werden: der reformistische und der radikale. Beide Typen werden am Beispiel der chilenischen Erfahrung untersucht. Die Ziele und die Durchführung jedes Typs werden vor der eigentlichen Analyse erläutert. Die Widersprüche, welche zwischen den wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und politischen Konsequenzen der zwei Typen von Agrarreformen sichtbar werden, werden stark hervorgehoben. Abschließend zeigt die Analyse der Beschlagnahmung des bäuerlichen Grundbesitzes in der Melipilla‐Region während der Zeit der Allende‐Regierung den hohen Grad der Organisation und des Klassenbewußtseins unter den Bauern, aber vor allem auch offenbart sie die Grenzen und Widersprüche des “Chilenischen Weges des Sozialismus”

Trabajadores, Estado y Desarrollo en Brasil: Poder de la Fuerza de Trabajo, Cadenas del Valor

Este libro pertenece a lo mejor de la tradición de la economía política. Selwyn coloca a la clase y el trabajo en el centro de su análisis sobre el cambio agrario de Brasil y su desarrollo capitalista