11 research outputs found
Surge of Typhoid Intestinal Perforations as Possible Result of COVID-19-Associated Delays in Seeking Care, Madagascar.
- Author
- Publication venue
- Emerg Infect Dis
- Publication date
- 01/12/2021
- Field of study
During the coronavirus disease pandemic, we observed a 6.4-fold increase in typhoid intestinal perforation incidence in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Thirteen perforations occurred within 6 months (February 2020-July 2020), compared with 13 perforations during the previous 41 months (August 2016-January 2020). The increase may be attributable to delayed healthcare seeking during the pandemic
A crucial role of CXCL14 for promoting regulatory T cells activation in stroke
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- Field of study
[[abstract]]Inflammatory processes have a detrimental role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. However, little is known about the endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic brain. Here, we identify CXCL14 as a critical mediator of these mechanisms. CXCL14 levels were upregulated in the ischemic brains of humans and rodents. Moreover, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) drives hypoxia- or cerebral ischemia (CI)-dependent CXCL14 expression via directly binding to the CXCL14 promoter. Depletion of CXCL14 inhibited the accumulation of immature dendritic cells (iDC) or regulatory T cells (Treg) and increased the infarct volume, whereas the supplementation of CXCL14 had the opposite effects. CXCL14 promoted the adhesion, migration, and homing of circulating CD11c+ iDC to the ischemic tissue via the upregulation of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), PECAM-1, and MMPs. The accumulation of Treg in ischemic areas of the brain was mediated through a cooperative effect of CXCL14 and iDC-secreted IL-2-induced Treg differentiation. Interestingly, CXCL14 largely promoted IL-2-induced Treg differentiation. These findings indicate that CXCL14 is a critical immunomodulator involved in the stroke-induced inflammatory reaction. Passive CXCL14 supplementation provides a tractable path for clinical translation in the improvement of stroke-induced neuroinflammation
Prevention of Typhoid by Vi Conjugate Vaccine and Achievable Improvements in Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Evidence From a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Author
- Publication venue
- Clin Infect Dis
- Publication date
- 12/04/2022
- Field of study
BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever contributes to approximately 135 000 deaths annually. Achievable improvements in household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) combined with vaccination using typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) may be an effective preventive strategy. However, little is known about how improved WASH and vaccination interact to lower the risk of typhoid. METHODS: A total of 61 654 urban Bangladeshi children aged 9 months to <16 years, residing in 150 clusters with a baseline population of 205 760 residents, were randomized 1:1 by cluster to Vi-tetanus toxoid TCV or Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine. Surveillance for blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever was conducted over 2 years. Existing household WASH status was assessed at baseline as Better or Not Better using previously validated criteria. The reduction in typhoid risk among all residents associated with living in TCV clusters, Better WASH households, or both was evaluated using mixed-effects Poisson regression models. RESULTS: The adjusted reduced risk of typhoid among all residents living in the clusters assigned to TCV was 55% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43%-65%; P < .001), and that of living in Better WASH households, regardless of cluster, was 37% (95% CI, 24%-48%; P < .001). The highest risk of typhoid was observed in persons living in households with Not Better WASH in the JE clusters. In comparison with these persons, those living in households with Better WASH in the TCV clusters had an adjusted reduced risk of 71% (95% CI, 59%-80%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of TCV programs combined with achievable and culturally acceptable household WASH practices were independently associated with a significant reduction in typhoid risk. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ISRCTN11643110
Infectious and Immunologic Phenotype of MECP2 Duplication Syndrome
- Author
- A Jezela-Stanek
- A Vignoli
- Aglaia Vignoli
- AJ Dumanski
- AJ Gerth
- Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Alexandra Afenjar
- AM Breman
- Annick Toutain
- B Echenne
- B Spellberg
- Bernard Echenne
- Carmen Orellana
- Christian Meisel
- CM Carvalho
- CM Carvalho
- CM Snapper
- CM Snapper
- D Bogunovic
- D Fukushi
- D Gaudio del
- D Lugtenberg
- D Lugtenberg
- D McKenney
- D Sanlaville
- Dagmar Wieczorek
- E Llobet
- EF Belligni
- EK Bijlsma
- EP Kirk
- F Ariani
- F Novara
- Fabian Marc Kaiser
- FC Gibson 3rd
- FM Coldren
- Francisco Martinez
- GE Utine
- GH Stollerman
- H Esch Van
- H Esch Van
- H Lubs
- Hilde Van Esch
- Horst von Bernuth
- I Madrigal
- J Buttery
- J Clayton-Smith
- J Scott Schwoerer
- J Vandewalle
- JM Tomás
- JN Sanmann
- JR Wax
- JS Nanra
- K Dinkla
- K O’Riordan
- Karin Hameister
- Kirsten Wenner
- L Beaucoudrey de
- Ludwig Gortner
- M Bauters
- M Budisteanu
- M Campos Jr
- M Meins
- M Smyk
- M Velinov
- Magdalena Budisteanu
- Maria Isabel Tejada
- Maria Pilar Botella
- MB Ramocki
- MB Ramocki
- Michael Bauer
- MJ Coyne
- MJ Friez
- Monica Rosello
- N Parvaneh
- NA Hanchard
- Nadine Unterwalder
- Nicole Philip
- O Bartsch
- Oliver Patat
- P Makrythanasis
- Rainer Rossi
- Renate Krüger
- Renaud Touraine
- RM Fernández
- S Honda
- S Honda
- S Honda
- S Mayo
- S Shimada
- Salima El-Chehadeh
- SO Kang
- Sophie Julia
- Sorina Mihaela Papuc
- SS Tang
- SU Peters
- SY Zhang
- T Yang
- TE Prescott
- Thusari Gomes
- TJ Foster
- U Grasshoff
- Uwe Kölsch
- V Deretic
- Volker Wahn
- W Reardon
- WM Kalka-Moll
- X Xu
- Xiu Xu
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications of COVID-19 in adults hospitalized in high-income countries compared with those in adults hospitalized in low- and middle-income countries in an international registry
- Author
- Abdukahil Sheryl Ann
- Abdulkadir Nurul Najmee
- Abe Ryuzo
- Abel Laurent
- Abrous Amal
- Absil Lara
- Acker Andrew
- Adam Elisabeth
- Adrião Diana
- Ahmed Shakeel
- Ainscough Kate
- Aisa Tharwat
- Akimoto Takako
- Akmal Ernita
- Akwani Chika
- Al Ageel Saleh
- Al Qasim Eman
- Al-dabbous Tala
- Al-Fares Abdulrahman
- Alalqam Razi
- Alberti Angela
- Alegesan Senthilkumar
- Alessi Marta
- Alex Beatrice
- Alexander Peta MA
- Alexandre Kévin
- Alfoudri Huda
- Ali Imran
- Alidjnou Kazali Enagnon
- Aliudin Jeffrey
- Alkhafajee Qabas
- Allavena Clotilde
- Allou Nathalie
- Alves João
- Alves João Melo
- Alves Rita
- Amaral Maria
- Amira Nur
- Ampaw Phoebe
- Andini Roberto
- Andréjak Claire
- Angheben Andrea
- Angoulvant François
- Ansart Séverine
- Anthonidass Sivanesen
- Antonelli Massimo
- Apriyana Ardiyan
- Arabi Yaseen
- Aragao Irene
- Arancibia Francisco
- Araujo Carolline
- Arcadipane Antonio
- Archambault Patrick
- Arenz Lukas
- Arlet Jean-Benoît
- Arnold-Day Christel
- Arora Lovkesh
- Arora Rakesh
- Artaud-Macari Elise
- Aryal Diptesh
- Asensio Angel
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Assie Jean Baptiste
- Asyraf Amirul
- Atif Minahel
- Atikah Ahmad Ridzuan Siti Nurul
- Atique Anika
- Auchabie Johann
- Aumaitre Hugues
- Auvet Adrien
- Ayadi Kamaluddin Muhammad Aisar
- Azemar Laurène
- Azoulay Cecile
- Bach Benjamin
- Bachelet Delphine
- Badr Claudine
- Baig Nadia
- Baillie J Kenneth
- Bak Erica
- Bakakos Agamemnon
- Bakar Nazreen Abu
- Bal Andriy
- Balakrishnan Mohanaprasanth
- Balan Valeria
- Balazote Pablo Serrano
- Bani-Sadr Firouzé
- Barbalho Renata
- Barbosa Nicholas Yuri
- Barclay Wendy S
- Barnett Saef Umar
- Barnikel Michaela
- Barrasa Helena
- Barrelet Audrey
- Barrigoto Cleide
- Barrio Noelia García
- Bartoli Marie
- Baruch Joaquín
- Basmaci Romain
- Basri Muhammad Fadhli Hassin
- Bassi Gianluigi Li
- Battaglini Denise
- Bauer Jules
- Beane Abigail
- Bedossa Alexandra
- Begum Husna
- Behilill Sylvie
- Beishuizen Albertus
- Bekken Gry Kloumann
- Beljantsev Aleksandr
- Bellemare David
- Beltrame Anna
- Beltrão Beatriz Amorim
- Beluze Marine
- Benech Nicolas
- Benjiman Lionel Eric
- Benkerrou Dehbia
- Bennett Suzanne
- Benny Binny
- Bento Luís
- Berdal Jan-Erik
- Bergeaud Delphine
- Bergin Hazel
- Bermejo Carlos Lumbreras
- Bertoli Giulia
- Bertolino Lorenzo
- Bessis Simon
- Bevilcaqua Sybille
- Bezulier Karine
- Bhatt Amar
- Bhavsar Krishna
- Bianco Claudia
- Bidin Farah Nadiah
- Binti Mohd Yakop Siti Rohani
- Binti Zaidan Nor Zaila
- Bisoffi Zeno
- Bissuel François
- Bitker Laurent
- Bitton Jonathan
- Blanco-Schweizer Pablo
- Blier Catherine
- Bloos Frank
- Blot Mathieu
- Blumberg Lucille
- Boccia Filomena
- Bodenes Laetitia
- Bogaert Debby
- Boivin Anne-Hélène
- Bolaños Isabela
- Bolze Pierre-Adrien
- Bompart François
- Borges Diogo
- Borie Raphaël
- Bosse Hans Martin
- Botelho-Nevers Elisabeth
- Bouadma Lila
- Bouchaud Olivier
- Bouchez Sabelline
- Bouhmani Dounia
- Bouhour Damien
- Bouiller Kévin
- Bouillet Laurence
- Bouisse Camile
- Boureau Anne-Sophie
- Bourke John
- Bouscambert Maude
- Bousquet Aurore
- Bouziotis Jason
- Boxma Bianca
- Boyer-Besseyre Marielle
- Boylan Maria
- Bozza Fernando Augusto
- Bozza Patricia T
- Braconnier Axelle
- Braga Cynthia
- Brandenburger Timo
- Brazzi Luca
- Breen Dorothy
- Breen Patrick
- Brewster David
- Brickell Kathy
- Brien Fionnuala O
- Browne Alex
- Browne Shaunagh
- Brozzi Nicolas
- Brusse-Keizer Marjolein
- Bryda Petra
- Buchtele Nina
- Buisson Marielle
- Burhan Erlina
- Burrell Aidan
- Bustos Ingrid G
- Cabie André
- Cabral Susana
- Cabrita Joana Alves
- Caceres Eder
- Cadoz Cyril
- Callaghan Annmarie O
- Calligy Kate
- Calvache Jose Andres
- Campana Valentine
- Campbell Paul
- Campisi Josie
- Camões João
- Canepa Cecilia
- Cantero Mireia
- Caraux-Paz Pauline
- Cardellino Chiara Simona
- Cardoso Filipa
- Cardoso Filipe
- Cardoso Nelson
- Cardoso Sofia
- Carelli Simone
- Carlier Nicolas
- Carmoi Thierry
- Carney Gayle
- Carqueja Inês
- Carret Marie-Christine
- Carrier François Martin
- Carroll Ida
- Carson Gail
- Casanova Maire-Laure
- Cascão Mariana
- Casey Siobhan
- Casimiro José
- Cassandra Bailey
- Castanheira Nidyanara
- Castañeda Silvia
- Castor-Alexandre Guylaine
- Castro Ivo
- Catarino Ana
- Catherine François-Xavier
- Cattaneo Paolo
- Cavalin Roberta
- Cavayas Alexandros
- Cely Lina Morales
- Cervantes-Gonzalez Minerva
- Chair Anissa
- Chakveatze Catherine
- Chan Adrienne
- Chand Meera
- Chantalat Auger Christelle
- Chapplain Jean-Marc
- Charpentier Charlotte
- Chas Julie
- Che Kamaruddin Zul Amali
- Chen Anjellica
- Chen Yih-Sharng
- Chenard Léo
- Cheng Matthew Pellan
- Cheret Antoine
- Chia Jack Song
- Chiarabini Thibault
- Chica Julian
- Chidambaram Suresh Kumar
- Chin Tho Leong
- Chirouze Catherine
- Chiumello Davide
- Cho Sung-Min
- Cho Sung-Min
- Choileain Orna Ni
- Cholley Bernard
- Chopin Marie-Charlotte
- Chow Ting Soo
- Chua Hiu Jian
- Chua Jonathan
- Chávez Iñiguez Jonathan Samuel
- Cidade Jose Pedro
- Cisneros Herreros José Miguel
- Citarella Barbara Wanjiru
- Citarella Barbara Wanjiru
- Ciullo Anna
- Clarke Emma
- Clarke Jennifer
- Claure-Del Granado Rolando
- Clohisey Sara
- Codan Cassidy
- Cody Caitriona
- Coelho Alexandra
- Coles Jennifer
- Coles Megan
- Colin Gwenhaël
- Collins Michael
- Colombo Sebastiano Maria
- Combs Pamela
- Connolly Jennifer
- Connor Marie
- Conrad Anne
- Conway Elaine
- Cooke Graham S
- Copland Mary
- Cordel Hugues
- Corley Amanda
- Cornelis Sabine
- Cornet Alexander Daniel
- Corpuz Arianne Joy
- Cortegiani Andrea
- Corvaisier Grégory
- Costigan Emma
- Couffignal Camille
- Couffin-Cadiergues Sandrine
- Courtois Roxane
- Cousse Stéphanie
- Cregan Rachel
- Cristella Cosimo
- Croonen Sabine
- Crowl Gloria
- Crump Jonathan
- Cruz Bermúdez Juan Luis
- Cruz Rojo Jaime
- Cruz Claudina
- Csete Marc
- Cullen Ailbhe
- Cummings Matthew
- Curley Gerard
- Curlier Elodie
- Curran Colleen
- Custodio Paula
- Cárcel Sheila
- D'Aragon Frédérick
- D'Ortenzio Eric
- da Silva Filipe Ana
- Da Silva Fernanda Dias
- Da Silveira Charlene
- Dabaliz Al-Awwab
- Dagens Andrew
- Dahly Darren
- Dalton Heidi
- Dalton Heidi
- Dalton Jo
- Daly Seamus
- Damas Juliana
- Daneman Nick
- Daniel Corinne
- Dankwa Emmanuelle A
- Dantas Jorge
- de Brito Carlos Alexandre Antunes
- de Castro Maisa Guimarães
- de Jong Menno
- de la Calle Guillermo Maestro
- de Loughry Gillian
- De Montmollin Etienne
- de Oliveira França Rafael Freitas
- de Piero Maria
- de Pinho Oliveira Ana Isabel
- De Rosa Rosanna
- de Silva Thushan
- de Vries Peter
- Dean David
- Debard Alexa
- DeBenedictis Bianca
- Debray Marie-Pierre
- DeCastro Nathalie
- Dechert William
- Deconninck Lauren
- Decours Romain
- Defous Eve
- Delacroix Isabelle
- Delaveuve Eric
- Delavigne Karen
- Delfos Nathalie M
- Deligiannis Ionna
- Dell'Amore Andrea
- Delmas Christelle
- Delobel Pierre
- Delsing Corine
- Demonchy Elisa
- Denis Emmanuelle
- Deplanque Dominique
- Depuydt Pieter
- Desai Mehul
- Descamps Diane
- Desvallées Mathilde
- Devouge Eglantine Ferrand
- Dewayanti Santi
- Dhanger Pathik
- Diallo Alpha
- Diamantis Sylvain
- Dias André
- Diaz Juan Jose
- Diaz Priscila
- Diaz Rodrigo
- Didier Kévin
- Diehl Jean-Luc
- Dieperink Wim
- Dimet Jérôme
- Dinot Vincent
- Diop Fara
- Diouf Alphonsine
- Dishon Yael
- Djossou Félix
- Docherty Annemarie B
- Doherty Helen
- Donnelly Christl A
- Donnelly Maria
- Donohue Chloe
- Donohue Sean
- Donohue Yoann
- Doran Peter
- Dorival Céline
- Douglas James Joshua
- Dournon Nathalie
- Downer Triona
- Downey Joanne
- Downing Mark
- Drake Tom
- Driscoll Aoife
- Dryden Murray
- Dubee Vincent
- Dubos François
- Ducancelle Alexandre
- Duculan Toni
- Dudman Susanne
- Duggal Abhijit
- Dunand Paul
- Dunning Jake
- Duplaix Mathilde
- Durante-Mangoni Emanuele
- Durham Lucian
- Dussol Bertrand
- Duthoit Juliette
- Duval Xavier
- Dyrhol-Riise Anne Margarita
- Ean Sim Choon
- Echeverria-Villalobos Marco
- Eddington Devin P
- Egan Siobhan
- Eira Carla
- Ekow Harrison Samuel Bernard
- El Sanharawi Mohammed
- Elapavaluru Subbarao
- Elharrar Brigitte
- Eliza Mohamed Nik Nur
- Ellerbroek Jacobien
- Eloy Philippine
- Elshazly Tarek
- Enderle Isabelle
- Endo Tomoyuki
- Eng Chan Chee
- Engelmann Ilka
- Enouf Vincent
- Epaulard Olivier
- Escher Martina
- Esperatti Mariano
- Esperou Hélène
- Esposito-Farese Marina
- Estevão João
- Etienne Manuel
- Ettalhaoui Nadia
- Everding Anna Greti
- Evers Mirjam
- Fabre Isabelle
- Fabre Marc
- Faheem Amna
- Fahy Arabella
- Fairfield Cameron J
- Fanning Jonathon P
- Faria Pedro
- Fateena Hanan
- Fatoni Arie Zainul
- Faure Karine
- Favory Raphaël
- Fayed Mohamed
- Feely Niamh
- Feeney Laura
- Fernandes Jorge
- Fernandes Marília Andreia
- Fernandes Susana
- Ferrand François-Xavier
- Ferraz Mário
- Ferreira Benigno
- Ferreira Bernardo
- Ferreira Isabel
- Ferreira Sílvia
- Ferriere Nicolas
- Ferrão Joana
- Ficko Céline
- Figueiredo-Mello Claudia
- Fiorda Juan
- Flament Thomas
- Flateau Clara
- Fletcher Tom
- Florence Aline-Marie
- Florio Letizia Lucia
- Flynn Deirdre
- Foley Claire
- Foley Jean
- Fonseca Claudio Duarte
- Fonseca Tatiana
- Forsyth Simon
- Foster Denise
- Foti Giuseppe
- Fourn Erwan
- Fowler Robert A
- Fraher Marianne
- Franch-Llasat Diego
- Fraser Christophe
- Fraser John
- Fraser John F
- Freire Marcela Vieira
- Fritz Ricardo
- Fry Stéphanie
- Fuentes Nora
- Fukuda Masahiro
- Gaborieau Valérie
- Gaci Rostane
- Gagliardi Massimo
- Gagnard Jean-Charles
- Gagneux-Brunon Amandine
- Gaião Sérgio
- Gallagher Phil
- Gamble Carrol
- Gandonniere Charlotte Salmon
- Gani Yasmin
- Garan Arthur
- Garcia Rebekha
- Garcia-Gallo Esteban
- Garcês Rui Caetano
- Garot Denis
- Garrait Valérie
- Gault Nathalie
- Gavin Aisling
- Gavrylov Anatoliy
- Gaymard Alexandre
- Gebauer Johannes
- Geraud Eva
- Germano Nuno
- Ghosn Jade
- Giani Marco
- Gibson Jess
- Gigante Tristan
- Gilg Morgane
- Gilroy Elaine
- Giordano Guillermo
- Girvan Michelle
- Gissot Valérie
- Glikman Daniel
- Gnall Eric
- Goehringer François
- Goepel Siri
- Goffard Jean-Christophe
- Goh Jin Yi
- Golob Jonathan
- Gominet Marie
- Gonzalez Alicia
- González Víctor Quirós
- Gordon Patricia
- Gorenne Isabelle
- Gormley Conor
- Goubert Laure
- Goujard Cécile
- Goulenok Tiphaine
- Grable Margarite
- Graf Jeronimo
- Grandin Edward Wilson
- Granerud Beathe Kiland
- Granier Pascal
- Grasselli Giacomo
- Green Christopher A
- Greene Courtney
- Greenhalf William
- Greffe Segolène
- Grieco Domenico Luca
- Griffee Matthew
- Griffee Matthew J
- Griffiths Fiona
- Grigoras Ioana
- Groenendijk Albert
- Gruner Heidi
- Gu Yusing
- Guedj Jérémie
- Guego Martin
- Guellec Dewi
- Guerreiro Daniela
- Guery Romain
- Guillaumot Anne
- Guilleminault Laurent
- Guimard Thomas
- Gómez-Junyent Joan
- Haalboom Marieke
- Haber Daniel
- Habraken Hannah
- Hachemi Ali
- Hadri Nadir
- Haji Ab Rahman Ahmad Kashfi
- Hakak Sheeba
- Hall Adam
- Hall Matthew
- Halpin Sophie
- Hamer Ansley
- Hamidfar Rebecca
- Hammond Naomi
- Hammond Terese
- Han Lim Yuen
- Haniffa Rashan
- Hao Kok Wei
- Hardwick Hayley
- Harrison Ewen M
- Harrison Janet
- Hartman Alan
- Hashmi Junaid
- Hayes Ailbhe
- Hays Leanne
- Heerman Jan
- Heggelund Lars
- Hendry Ross
- Hennessy Martina
- Henriquez-Trujillo Aquiles
- Hentzien Maxime
- Hernandez Diana
- Hernandez-Montfort Jaime
- Hershey Andrew
- Hesstvedt Liv
- Higgins Dawn
- Higgins Eibhlin
- Higgins Rupert
- Hinchion Rita
- Hinton Samuel
- Hiraiwa Hiroaki
- Hitoto Hikombo
- Ho Antonia
- Ho Yi Bin
- Hoctin Alexandre
- Hoffmann Isabelle
- Hoh Wei Han
- Hoiting Oscar
- Holt Rebecca
- Holten Aleksander Rygh
- Holter Jan Cato
- Hong Bee Ker
- Horby Peter
- Horcajada Juan Pablo
- Hoshino Koji
- Houas Ikram
- Hough Catherine L
- Houltham Stuart
- Hssain Ali Ait
- Hulot Jean-Sébastien
- Humaid Felwa Bin
- Hurd Abby
- Ijaz Samreen
- Ikram M Arfan
- Illes Hajnal-Gabriela
- Imbert Patrick
- Infante Dominguez Carmen
- Ing Yun Sii
- Inácio Hugo
- Iosifidis Elias
- Ippolito Mariachiara
- Isgett Sarah
- Isidoro Tiago
- Ismail Nadiah
- Isnard Margaux
- Itai Junji
- Ivulich Daniel
- Izzati Norharizam Nurul Faten
- Jaafar Danielle
- Jaafoura Salma
- Jabot Julien
- Jackson Clare
- Janes Victoria
- Jaquet Pierre
- Jassat Waasila
- Jaud-Fischer Coline
- Jaureguiberry Stéphane
- Jaworsky Denise
- Jego Florence
- Jelani Anilawati Mat
- Jenum Synne
- Jimbo-Sotomayor Ruth
- Jiménez Miguel Pedrera
- Joe Ong Yiaw
- Jorge García Ruth N
- Joseph Cédric
- Joseph Mark
- Jourdain Mercé
- Jouvet Philippe
- Jung Anna
- Jung Hanna
- Juzar Dafsah
- Kafif Ouifiya
- Kaguelidou Florentia
- Kaisbain Neerusha
- Kaleesvran Thavamany
- Kali Sabina
- Kalomoiri Smaragdi
- Kamarudin Mohd Nazlin Bin
- Kamarudin Nadiah
- Kandamby Darshana Hewa
- Kandel Chris
- Kang Kong Yeow
- Karpayah Pratap
- Kartsonaki Christiana
- Kasugai Daisuke
- Kataria Anant
- Katz Kevin
- Kaur Aasmine
- Kay Christy
- Kayyali Lamees
- Keane Hannah
- Keating Seán
- Kelly Andrea
- Kelly Aoife
- Kelly Claire
- Kelly Niamh
- Kelly Sadie
- Kelly Yvelynne
- Kelsey Maeve
- Kennedy Ryan
- Kennon Kalynn
- Kernan Maeve
- Kerroumi Younes
- Keshav Sharma
- Khalid Imrana
- Khalil Antoine
- Khan Coralie
- Khan Irfan
- Kho Michelle E
- Khoo Denisa
- Khoo Ryan
- Khoo Saye
- Kiat Khor How
- Kida Yuri
- Kiiza Peter
- Kildal Anders Benjamin
- Kimmoun Antoine
- Kindgen-Milles Detlef
- King Alexander
- Kitamura Nobuya
- Klenerman Paul
- Klont Rob
- Knight Stephen R
- Komatsu Mamoru
- Kosgei Caroline
- Kpangon Arsène
- Krawczyk Karolina
- Krishnan Sudhir
- Krishnan Vinothini
- Kruglova Oksana
- Kuan Pei Xuan
- Kumar Deepali
- Kumar Ganesh
- Kuriakose Dinesh
- Kurtzman Ethan
- Kutsogiannis Demetrios
- Kutsyna Galyna
- Kyriakoulis Konstantinos
- L'Her Erwan
- Lachatre Marie
- Lacoste Marie
- Laffey John G
- Lafhej Nadhem
- Lagrange Marie
- Laine Fabrice
- Lairez Olivier
- Lalueza Antonio
- Lambert Marc
- Lamontagne François
- Langelot-Richard Marie
- Langlois Vincent
- Lantang Eka Yudha
- Lanza Marina
- Laouénan Cédric
- Laribi Samira
- Lariviere Delphine
- Lasry Stéphane
- Launay Odile
- Laureillard Didier
- Lavie-Badie Yoan
- Law Andy
- Lawrence Cassie
- Lawrence Teresa
- Le Bihan Clément
- Le Bris Cyril
- Le Falher Georges
- Le Fevre Lucie
- Le Hingrat Quentin
- Le Maréchal Marion
- Le Moal Gwenaël
- Le Moing Vincent
- Le Nagard Hervé
- Le Minh
- Leal Ema
- Leathlobhair Niamh Ni
- Lee Low Lee
- Lee Biing Horng
- Lee Heng Gee
- Lee James
- Lee Jennifer
- Lee Su Hwan
- Lee Todd C
- Lee Yi Lin
- Leeming Gary
- Lefebvre Bénédicte
- Lefebvre Laurent
- Lefèvre Benjamin
- LeGac Sylvie
- Lelievre Jean-Daniel
- Lellouche François
- Lemaignen Adrien
- Lemee Véronique
- Lemeur Anthony
- Lemmink Gretchen
- Lene Ha Sha
- Lennon Jenny
- Leone Marc
- Leone Michela
- Lepiller Quentin
- Lescure François-Xavier
- Lesens Olivier
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- Payen Jean-François
- Peake Sandra L
- Peariasamy Kalaiarasu
- Peek Giles J
- Peelman Florent
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- Postma Douwe F
- Povoa Pedro
- Powis Jeff
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- Preiser Jean-Charles
- Prinssen Anton
- Pritchard Mark G
- Proença Lucia
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- Purcell Gregory
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- Semple Malcolm G
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- Shahidan Syamin Asyraf
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- Sukumar Prasanth
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- Suppiah Deepashankari
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- Syahrin Sarah
- Syrigos Konstantinos
- Sztajnbok Jaques
- Szuldrzynski Konstanty
- Tabrizi Shirin
- Taccone Fabio S
- Tagherset Lysa
- Taib Shahdattul Mawarni
- Taleb Sara
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- Tan Kim Keat
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- Tanaka Taku
- Taniguchi Hayato
- Tardivon Coralie
- Tattevin Pierre
- Taufik M Azhari
- Tawfik Hassan
- Tedder Richard S
- Tee Tze Yuan
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- Tierney Paul
- Tieroshyn Vadim
- Timsit Jean-François
- Tissot Noémie
- Toal Fiona
- Toki Maria
- Tonby Kristian
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- Trapani Tony
- Trioux Théo
- Tromeur Cécile
- Trontzas Ioannis
- Trouillon Tiffany
- Truong Jeanne
- Tual Christelle
- Tubiana Sarah
- Tuite Helen
- Turgeon Alexis F
- Turmel Jean-Marie
- Turtle Lance CW
- Tveita Anders
- Twardowski Pawel
- Téoulé François
- Uchiyama Makoto
- Udy Andrew
- Ullrich Roman
- Uribe Alberto
- Usman Asad
- Uva Maria Sousa
- Uyeki Timothy M
- Vajdovics Cristinava
- Val-Flores Luís
- Valran Amélie
- Van de Velde Stijn
- van den Berge Marcel
- Van der Feltz Machteld
- van der Palen Job
- van der Valk Paul
- Van Der Vekens Nicky
- Van der Voort Peter
- Van Der Werf Sylvie
- van Gulik Laura
- Van Hattem Jarne
- van Netten Carolien
- van Someren Gréve Frank
- van Veen Ilonka
- Van Willigen Hugo
- Vanel Noémie
- Vanoverschelde Henk
- Varghese Pooja
- Varrone Michael
- Vasconcelos Malte Kohns
- Vasudayan Shoban Raj
- Vauchy Charline
- Vecham Pavan Kumar
- Veeran Shaminee
- Veislinger Aurélie
- Vencken Sebastian
- Ventura Sara
- Verbon Annelies
- Vidal José Ernesto
- Vieira César
- Villanueva Joy Ann
- Villar Judit
- Villeneuve Pierre-Marc
- Villoldo Andrea
- Visseaux Benoit
- Visser Hannah
- Vitiello Chiara
- Vonkeman Harald
- Vuotto Fanny
- Wahab Noor Hidayu
- Wahab Suhaila Abdul
- Wahid Nadirah Abdul
- Wainstein Marina
- Walsh Laura
- Wang Chih-Hsien
- Webb Steve
- Wei Jia
- Weil Katharina
- Wen Tan Pei
- Wesselius Sanne
- Wham Murray
- Whelan Bryan
- White Nicole
- Wicky Paul Henri
- Wiedemann Aurélie
- Wijaya Surya Otto
- Wille Keith
- Willems Sue
- Williams Bailey
- Williams Patricia J
- Williams Virginie
- Wils Evert-Jan
- Wittman Jessica
- Wong Calvin
- Wong Teck Fung
- Wong Xin Ci
- Wong Yew Sing
- Xian Gan Ee
- Xian Lim Saio
- Xynogalas Ioannis
- Yamazaki Masaki
- Yang Toh Jordan Zhien
- Yarad Elizabeth
- Yazdanpanah Yazdan
- Yelnik Cécile
- Yeoh Chian Hui
- Yerkovich Stephanie
- Yokoyama Toshiki
- Yonis Hodane
- Yousif Obada
- Zaaqoq Akram
- Zabbe Marion
- Zacharowski Kai
- Zahid Masliza
- Zahran Maram
- Zambon Maria
- Zambrano Miguel
- Zanella Alberto
- Zaynah Nurul
- Zayyad Hiba
- Zoufaly Alexander
- Zucman David
- Publication venue
- Elsevier BV
- Publication date
- 30/06/2023
- Field of study
Background: COVID-19 has been associated with a broad range of thromboembolic, ischemic, and hemorrhagic complications (coagulopathy complications). Most studies have focused on patients with severe disease from high-income countries (HICs). Objectives: The main aims were to compare the frequency of coagulopathy complications in developing countries (low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) with those in HICs, delineate the frequency across a range of treatment levels, and determine associations with in-hospital mortality. Methods: Adult patients enrolled in an observational, multinational registry, the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections COVID-19 study, between January 1, 2020, and September 15, 2021, met inclusion criteria, including admission to a hospital for laboratory-confirmed, acute COVID-19 and data on complications and survival. The advanced-treatment cohort received care, such as admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or inotropes or vasopressors; the basic-treatment cohort did not receive any of these interventions. Results: The study population included 495,682 patients from 52 countries, with 63% from LMICs and 85% in the basic treatment cohort. The frequency of coagulopathy complications was higher in HICs (0.76%-3.4%) than in LMICs (0.09%-1.22%). Complications were more frequent in the advanced-treatment cohort than in the basic-treatment cohort. Coagulopathy complications were associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.52-1.64). The increased mortality associated with these complications was higher in LMICs (58.5%) than in HICs (35.4%). After controlling for coagulopathy complications, treatment intensity, and multiple other factors, the mortality was higher among patients in LMICs than among patients in HICs (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.39-1.51). Conclusion: In a large, international registry of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, coagulopathy complications were more frequent in HICs than in LMICs (developing countries). Increased mortality associated with coagulopathy complications was of a greater magnitude among patients in LMICs. Additional research is needed regarding timely diagnosis of and intervention for coagulation derangements associated with COVID-19, particularly for limited-resource settings
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T. W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Bourquin Jean Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A. M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
- Chen Guo Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S. L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih Shen
- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong Hyung
- Choi Augustine M. K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung Hsien
- Chueh Sheau Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong Joon
- Chye Mee Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S. B
- Clarke Peter G. H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo Mar\ueda I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo Jos\ue9 L
- Cronj\ue9 Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D\uedaz Araya Guillermo
- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
- Darfeuille Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A. M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- F\ue9s\ufcs L\ue1szl\uf3
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farr\ue9 Jean Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes Jos\ue9 M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Ale\u161
- Gros Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun Lin
- Guan Kun Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- H\ue9bert Marie Jose\ue9
- H\uf6hfeld J\uf6rg
- H\uf8yer Hansen Maria
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil G\uf6khan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien An A
- Hu Hong Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won Ki
- Hung Tai Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N. A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V. W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K
- Joubert Annie M
- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
- Juillerat Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong Keun
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P
- Kaushik Susmita
- Kawazoe Yoshinori
- Ke Po Yuan
- Kehrl John H
- Kelekar Ameeta
- Kerkhoff Claus
- Kessel David H
- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A. K. W
- Kiger Amy A
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do Hyung
- Kim Dong Hou
- Kim Eun Kyoung
- Kim Hyung Ryong
- Kim Jae Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
- Kim John K
- Kim Peter K
- Kim Seong Who
- Kim Yong Sun
- Kim Yonghyun
- Kimchi Adi
- Kimmelman Alec C
- King Jason S
- Kinsella Timothy J
- Kirkin Vladimir
- Kirshenbaum Lorrie A
- Kitamoto Katsuhiko
- Kitazato Kaio
- Klein Ludger
- Klimecki Walter T
- Klionsky Daniel J
- Klucken Jochen
- Knecht Erwin
- Ko Ben C. B
- Koch Jan C
- Koga Hiroshi
- Koh Jae Young
- Koh Young Ho
- Koike Masato
- Komatsu Masaaki
- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
- Kong Wei Jia
- Korolchuk Viktor I
- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I
- Kouri Flores Juan B
- Kov\ue1cs Attila L
- Kr\ue4mer Helmut
- Kr\ufcger Rejko
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz Remy Carole
- Krichevsky Anna M
- Kroemer Guido
- Krut Oleg
- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- L\u151w Peter
- L\ue1szl\uf3 Lajos
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn Carlos
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Jos\ue9e N
- Layfield Robert
- Lazo Pedro A
- Le Cam Laurent
- Le Weidong
- Ledbetter Daniel J
- Lee Alvin J. X
- Lee Byung Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju Hyun
- Lee Michael
- Lee Myung Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan Yao
- Lei Qun Ying
- Leib David A
- Leiro Jos\ue9
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue Jun
- Li Yan bo
- Li Yi Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung Feng
- Liberski Pawel P
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J
- Lim Kah Leong
- Lim Kyu
- Lin Chiou Feng
- Lin Fu Cheng
- Lin Jian
- Lin Jiandie D
- Lin Kui
- Lin Wan Wan
- Lin Weei Chin
- Lin Yi Ling
- Linden Rafael
- Lingor Paul
- Lippincott Schwartz Jennifer
- Lisanti Michael P
- Liton Paloma B
- Liu Bo
- Liu Chun Feng
- Liu Kaiyu
- Liu Leyuan
- Liu Qiong A
- Liu Wei
- Liu Young Chau
- Liu Yule
- Lockshin Richard A
- Lok Chun Nam
- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
- Lotze Michael T
- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Lukacs Nicholas W
- Lund Anders H
- Lynch Day Melinda A
- M\ufcller Sylke
- M\ufcnger Karl
- M\ufcnz Christian
- Ma Yong
- Macian Fernando
- Mackeigan Jeff P
- Macleod Kay F
- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
- Malagoli Davide
- Malicdan May Christine V
- Malorni Walter
- Man Na
- Mandelkow Eva Maria
- Manon St\ue9phen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
- Mao Xiang
- Mao Zixu
- Marambaud Philippe
- Marazziti Daniela
- Marcel Yves L
- Marchbank Katie
- Marchetti Piero
- Marciniak Stefan J
- Marcondes Mateus
- Mardi Mohsen
- Marfe Gabriella
- Mari\uf1o Guillermo
- Markaki Maria
- Marten Mark R
- Martin Seamus J
- Martinand Mari Camille
- Martinet Wim
- Martinez Vicente Marta
- Masini Matilde
- Matarrese Paola
- Matsuo Saburo
- Matteoni Raffaele
- Mayer Andreas
- Mazure Nathalie M
- Mcconkey David J
- Mcconnell Melanie J
- Mcdermott Catherine
- Mcdonald Christine
- Mcinerney Gerald M
- Mckenna Sharon L
- Mclaughlin Bethann
- Mclean Pamela J
- Mcmaster Christopher R
- Mcquibban G. Angus
- Meijer Alfred J
- Meisler Miriam H
- Mel\ue9ndez Alicia
- Melia Thomas J
- Melino Gerry
- Mena Maria A
- Menendez Javier A
- Menna Barreto Rubem F. S
- Menon Manoj B
- Menzies Fiona M
- Mercer Carol A
- Merighi Adalberto
- Merry Diane E
- Meschini Stefania
- Meyer Christian G
- Meyer Thomas F
- Miao Chao Yu
- Miao Jun Ying
- Michels Paul A. M
- Michiels Carine
- Mijaljica Dalibor
- Milojkovic Ana
- Minucci Saverio
- Miracco Clelia
- Miranti Cindy K
- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
- Molero Xavier
- Mollereau Bertrand
- Mollinedo Faustino
- Momoi Takashi
- Monastyrska Iryna
- Monick Martha M
- Monteiro Mervyn J
- Moore Michael N
- Mora Rodrigo
- Moreau Kevin
- Moreira Paula I
- Moriyasu Yuji
- Moscat Jorge
- Mostowy Serge
- Mottram Jeremy C
- Motyl Tomasz
- Moussa Charbel E. H
- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O
- Murphy Maureen E
- Musar\uf2 Antonio
- Mysorekar Indira
- N\ufcrnberger Thorsten
- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
- Nahimana Aimable
- Nair Usha
- Nakagawa Toshiyuki
- Nakahira Kiichi
- Nakano Hiroyasu
- Nakatogawa Hitoshi
- Nanjundan Meera
- Naqvi Naweed I
- Narendra Derek P
- Narita Masashi
- Navarro Miguel
- Nawrocki Steffan T
- Nazarko Taras Y
- Nemchenko Andriy
- Netea Mihai G
- Neufeld Thomas P
- Ney Paul A
- Nezis Ioannis P
- Nguyen Huu Phuc
- Nie Daotai
- Nishino Ichizo
- Nislow Corey
- Nixon Ralph A
- Noda Takeshi
- Noegel Angelika A
- Nogalska Anna
- Noguchi Satoru
- Notterpek Lucia
- Novak Ivana
- Nozaki Tomoyoshi
- Nukina Nobuyuki
- Nyfeler Beat
- Obara Keisuke
- Oberley Terry D
- Oddo Salvatore
- Ogawa Michinaga
- Ohashi Toya
- Okamoto Koji
- Oleinick Nancy L
- Oliver F. Javier
- Olsen Laura J
- Olsson Stefan
- Opota Onya
- Osborne Timothy F
- Ostrander Gary K
- Otsu Kinya
- Ou Jing hsiung James
- Ouimet Mireille
- Overholtzer Michael
- Ozpolat Bulent
- P\uf6ggeler Stefanie
- Paganetti Paolo
- Pagnini Ugo
- Pallet Nicolas
- Palmer Glen E
- Palumbo Camilla
- Pan Tianhong
- Panaretakis Theocharis
- Pandey Udai Bhan
- Papackova Zuzana
- Papassideri Issidora
- Paris Irmgard
- Park Junsoo
- Park Ohkmae K
- Parys Jan B
- Parzych Katherine R
- Patschan Susann
- Patterson Cam
- Pattingre Sophie
- Pawelek John M
- Peng Jianxin
- Perlmutter David H
- Perrotta Ida
- Perry George
- Pervaiz Shazib
- Peter Matthias
- Peters Godefridus J
- Petersen Morten
- Petrovski Goran
- Phang James M
- Piacentini Mauro
- Pierre Philippe
- Pierrefite Carle Val\ue9rie
- Pierron G\ue9rard
- Pinkas Kramarski Ronit
- Piras Antonio
- Piri Natik
- Platanias Leonidas C
- Po\ufcs Christian
- Poirot Marc
- Poletti Angelo
- Pozuelo Rubio Mercedes
- Pr\ue6torius Ibba Mette
- Prasad Anil
- Prescott Mark
- Priault Muriel
- Produit Zengaffinen Nathalie
- Progulske Fox Ann
- Proikas Cezanne Tassula
- Przedborski Serge
- Przyklenk Karin
- Puertollano Rosa
- Puyal Julien
- Qian Shu Bing
- Qin Liang
- Qin Zheng Hong
- Quaggin Susan E
- R\ue9gnier Vigouroux Anne
- Raben Nina
- Rabinowich Hannah
- Rabkin Simon W
- Rahman Irfan
- Rami Abdelhaq
- Ramm Georg
- Randall Glenn
- Randow Felix
- Rao V. Ashutosh
- Rathmell Jeffrey C
- Ravikumar Brinda
- Ray Swapan K
- Reed Bruce H
- Reed John C
- Reggiori Fulvio
- Reichert Andreas S
- Reiners John J
- Reiter Russel J
- Ren Jun
- Revuelta Jos\ue9 L
- Rhodes Christopher J
- Ritis Konstantinos
- Rizzo Elizete
- Robbins Jeffrey
- Roberge Michel
- Roca Hernan
- Roccheri Maria C
- Rocchi Stephane
- Rodemann H. Peter
- Rodr\uedguez de C\uf3rdoba Santiago
- Rohrer B\ue4rbel
- Roninson Igor B
- Rosen Kirill
- Rost Roszkowska Magdalena M
- Rouis Mustapha
- Rouschop Kasper M. A
- Rovetta Francesca
- Rubin Brian P
- Rubinsztein David C
- Ruckdeschel Klaus
- Rucker Edmund B
- Rudich Assaf
- Rudolf Emil
- Ruiz Opazo Nelson
- Russo Rossella
- Rusten Tor Erik
- Ryan Kevin M
- Ryter Stefan W
- S\ue1nchez Alc\ue1zar Jos\ue9 A
- S\ue1nchez Prieto Ricardo
- Sabatini David M
- Sadoshima Junichi
- Saha Tapas
- Saitoh Tatsuya
- Sakagami Hiroshi
- Sakai Yasuyoshi
- Salekdeh Ghasem Hoseini
- Salomoni Paolo
- Salvaterra Paul M
- Salvesen Guy
- Salvioli Rosa
- Sanchez Anthony M. J
- Sandri Marco
- Sankar Uma
- Sansanwal Poonam
- Santambrogio Laura
- Saran Shweta
- Sarkar Sovan
- Sarwal Minnie
- Sasakawa Chihiro
- Sasnauskiene Ausra
- Sass Mikl\uf3s
- Sato Ken
- Sato Miyuki
- Sch\ue4tzl Hermann M
- Sch\ufcller Christoph
- Schapira Anthony H. V
- Scharl Michael
- Scheper Wiep
- Schiaffino Stefano
- Schneider Stock Regine
- SCHNEIDER Claudio
- Schneider Marion E
- Schoenlein Patricia V
- Schorderet Daniel F
- Schwartz Gary K
- Scorrano Luca
- Sealy Linda
- Seglen Per O
- Segura Aguilar Juan
- Seiliez Iban
- Seleverstov Oleksandr
- Sell Christian
- Seo Jong Bok
- Separovic Duska
- Setaluri Vijayasaradhi
- Setoguchi Takao
- Settembre Carmine
- Shacka John J
- Shanmugam Mala
- Shapiro Irving M
- Shaulian Eitan
- Shaw Reuben J
- Shelhamer James H
- Shen Han Ming
- Shen Wei Chiang
- Sheng Zu Hang
- Shi Yang
- Shibuya Kenichi
- Shidoji Yoshihiro
- Shieh Jeng Jer
- Shih Chwen Ming
- Shimada Yohta
- Shimizu Shigeomi
- Shintani Takahiro
- Shirihai Orian S
- Shore Gordon C
- Sibirny Andriy A
- Sidhu Stan B
- Sikorska Beata
- Silva Zacarin Elaine
- Silva Zacarin Elaine C. M
- Simmons Alison
- Simon Anna Katharina
- Simon Hans Uwe
- Simone Cristiano
- Simonsen Anne
- Sinclair David A
- Singh Rajat
- Sinha Debasish
- Sinicrope Frank A
- Sirko Agnieszka
- Siu Parco M
- Sivridis Efthimios
- Skop Vojtech
- Skulachev Vladimir P
- Slack Ruth S
- Smaili Soraya S
- Smith Duncan R
- Soengas Maria S
- Soldati Thierry
- Song Xueqin
- Sood Anil K
- Soong Tuck Wah
- Sotgia Federica
- Spector Stephen A
- Spies Claudia D
- Springer Wolfdieter
- Srinivasula Srinivasa M
- Stefanis Leonidas
- Steffan Joan S
- Stendel Ruediger
- Stenmark Harald
- Stephanou Anastasis
- Stern Stephan T
- Sternberg Cinthya
- Stork Bj\uf6rn
- Str\ue5lfors Peter
- Subauste Carlos S
- Sui Xinbing
- Sulzer David
- Sun Jiaren
- Sun Shi Yong
- Sun Zhi Jun
- Sung Joseph J. Y
- Suzuki Kuninori
- Suzuki Toshihiko
- Swanson Michele S
- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T
- Sy Lai King
- Szabadkai Gyorgy
- T\uf6nges Lars
- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
- Tak\ue1cs Vellai Krisztina
- Takano Yoshitaka
- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
- Takeshita Fumihiko
- Talbot Nicholas J
- Tan Kevin S. W
- Tanaka Keiji
- Tanaka Kozo
- Tang Daolin
- Tang Dingzhong
- Tanida Isei
- Tannous Bakhos A
- Tavernarakis Nektarios
- Taylor Graham S
- Taylor Gregory A
- Taylor J. Paul
- Terada Lance S
- Terman Alexei
- Tettamanti Gianluca
- Thevissen Karin
- Thompson Craig B
- Thorburn Andrew
- Thumm Michael
- Tian Fengfeng
- Tian Yuan
- Tocchini Valentini Glauco
- Tolkovsky Aviva M
- Tomino Yasuhiko
- Tooze Sharon A
- Tournier Cathy
- Tower John
- Towns Roberto
- Trajkovic Vladimir
- Travassos Leonardo H
- Tsai Ting Fen
- Tschan Mario P
- Tsubata Takeshi
- Tsung Allan
- Turk Boris
- Turner Lorianne S
- Tyagi Suresh C
- Uchiyama Yasuo
- Ueno Takashi
- Umekawa Midori
- Umemiya Shirafuji Rika
- Unni Vivek K
- Vaccaro Maria I
- Valente Enza Maria
- Van den Berghe Greet
- van der Klei Ida J
- van Doorn Wouter
- van Dyk Linda F
- van Egmond Marjolein
- van Grunsven Leo A
- Vandenabeele Peter
- Vandenberghe Wim P
- Vanhorebeek Ilse
- Vaquero Eva C
- Velasco Guillermo
- Vellai Tibor
- Vicencio Jose Miguel
- Vierstra Richard D
- Vila Miquel
- Vindis C\ue9cile
- Viola Giampietro
- Viscomi Maria Teresa
- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V
- von Haefen Clarissa
- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade Martins Richard
- Walker Cheryl L
- Walsh Craig M
- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang Bo
- Wang Aimin
- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Fen
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
- Wang Hong Gang
- Wang Horng Dar
- Wang Jin
- Wang Ke
- Wang Mei
- Wang Richard C
- Wang Xinglong
- Wang Xuejun
- Wang Ying Jan
- Wang Yipeng
- Wang Zhen
- Wang Zhigang Charles
- Wang Zhinong
- Wansink Derick G
- Ward Diane M
- Watada Hirotaka
- Waters Sarah L
- Webster Paul
- Wei Lixin
- Weihl Conrad C
- Weiss William A
- Welford Scott M
- Wen Long Ping
- Whitehouse Caroline A
- Whitton J. Lindsay
- Whitworth Alexander J
- Wileman Tom
- Wiley John W
- Wilkinson Simon
- Willbold Dieter
- Williams Roger L
- Williamson Peter R
- Wouters Bradly G
- Wu Chenghan
- Wu Dao Cheng
- Wu William K. K
- Wyttenbach Andreas
- Xavier Ramnik J
- Xi Zhijun
- Xia Pu
- Xiao Gengfu
- Xie Zhiping
- Xie Zhonglin
- Xu Da zhi
- Xu Jianzhen
- Xu Liang
- Xu Xiaolei
- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng Chao
- Yao Tso Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei Lien
- Yin Jia jing
- Yin Xiao Ming
- Yoo Ook Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh Herbert J
- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing Pu
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
- Zhu Xiao Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M.
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
- Fisher Paul B.
- Flajolet Marc
- Flores Juan B. Kouri
- Florez-McClure Maria L.
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H.
- Fox Howard S.
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B.
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M.
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H.
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G.
- Gao Fen-Biao
- Gao George F.
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L.
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R.
- Gegg Matthew E.
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E.
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M.
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N.
- Gibson Spencer B.
- Gilkerson Robert W.
- Ginger Michael L.
- Ginsberg Henry N.
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S.
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
- Gonzalez Claudio D.
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V.
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D.
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- Gregorc Ales
- Gros Frédéric
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- Grunt Thomas W.
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
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- Gukovskaya Anna S.
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Åsa B.
- Halayko Andrew J.
- Hale Amber N.
- Halonen Sandra K.
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K.
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E.
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L.
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D.
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A.
- Hayashi Shin-ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A.
- He Congcong
- He You-Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A.
- Helfrich Miep H.
- Helgason Gudmundur V.
- Henske Elizabeth P.
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K.
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J.
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G.
- Holyoake Tessa L.
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A.
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S.
- Houwerzijl Ewout J.
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-an A.
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B.
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R.
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B.
- Hussain Sabah N.A.
- Hussey Patrick J.
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Josée
- Höhfeld Jörg
- Høyer-Hansen Maria
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L.
- Ip Nancy Y.
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken-ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- Jaakkola Panu M.
- Jackson George R.
- Jackson William T.
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X.
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan V.
- Joe Cheol O.
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E.
- Johnson Gail V.W.
- Jones Nicola L.
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K.
- Joubert Annie M.
- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O.
- Kampinga Harm H.
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon-A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G.
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
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- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
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- Kim Jae-Sung
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- Kong Hee Jeong
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- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I.
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- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
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- Krichevsky Anna M.
- Kroemer Guido
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- Kuan Chia-Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
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- Kundu Mondira
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- Kågedal Katarina
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- Lee Byung-Wan
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- Lee Myung-Shik
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- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan-Yao
- Lei Qun-Ying
- Leib David A.
- Leiro José
- Lemasters John J.
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S.
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V.
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
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- Li Jun-Lin
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- Li Xue-Jun
- Li Yan-Bo
- Li Yi-Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung-Feng
- Liberski Pawel P.
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J.
- Lim Kah-Leong
- Lim Kyu
- Lin Chiou-Feng
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- Lin Jiandie D.
- Lin Kui
- Lin Wan-Wan
- Lin Weei-Chin
- Lin Yi-Ling
- Linden Rafael
- Lingor Paul
- Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer
- Lisanti Michael P.
- Liton Paloma B.
- Liu Bo
- Liu Chun-Feng
- Liu Kaiyu
- Liu Leyuan
- Liu Qiong A.
- Liu Wei
- Liu Young-Chau
- Liu Yule
- Lockshin Richard A.
- Lok Chun-Nam
- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez-Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
- Lotze Michael T.
- Low Peter
- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fréderic
- Lukacs Nicholas W.
- Lund Anders H.
- Lynch-Day Melinda A.
- László Lajos
- López-Otín Carlos
- Ma Yong
- Macian Fernando
- MacKeigan Jeff P.
- Macleod Kay F.
- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
- Malagoli Davide
- Malicdan May Christine V.
- Malorni Walter
- Man Na
- Mandelkow Eva-Maria
- Manon Stephen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
- Mao Xiang
- Mao Zixu
- Marambaud Philippe
- Marazziti Daniela
- Marcel Yves L.
- Marchbank Katie
- Marchetti Piero
- Marciniak Stefan J.
- Marcondes Mateus
- Mardi Mohsen
- Marfe Gabriella
- Mariño Guillermo
- Markaki Maria
- Marten Mark R.
- Martin Seamus J.
- Martinand-Mari Camille
- Martinet Wim
- Martinez-Vicente Marta
- Masini Matilde
- Matarrese Paola
- Matsuo Saburo
- Matteoni Raffaele
- Mayer Andreas
- Mazure Nathalie M.
- McConkey David J.
- McConnell Melanie J.
- McDermott Catherine
- McDonald Christine
- McInerney Gerald M.
- McKenna Sharon L.
- McLaughlin BethAnn
- McLean Pamela J.
- McMaster Christopher R.
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- Melia Thomas J.
- Melino Gerry
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- Michiels Carine
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- Milojkovic Ana
- Minucci Saverio
- Miracco Clelia
- Miranti Cindy K.
- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
- Molero Xavier
- Mollereau Bertrand
- Mollinedo Faustino
- Momoi Takashi
- Monastyrska Iryna
- Monick Martha M.
- Monteiro Mervyn J.
- Moore Michael N.
- Mora Rodrigo
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- Moreira Paula I.
- Moriyasu Yuji
- Moscat Jorge
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- Motyl Tomasz
- Moussa Charbel E.-H.
- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O.
- Murphy Maureen E.
- Musarò Antonio
- Mysorekar Indira
- Müller Sylke
- Münger Karl
- Münz Christian
- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
- Nahimana Aimable
- Nair Usha
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- Nakahira Kiichi
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- Naqvi Naweed I
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- Narita Masashi
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- Oddo Salvatore
- Ogawa Michinaga
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- Overholtzer Michael
- Ozpolat Bulent
- Paganetti Paolo
- Pagnini Ugo
- Pallet Nicolas
- Palmer Glen E.
- Palumbo Camilla
- Pan Tianhong
- Panaretakis Theocharis
- Pandey Udai Bhan
- Papackova Zuzana
- Papassideri Issidora
- Paris Irmgard
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- Park Ohkmae K.
- Parys Jan B.
- Parzych Katherine R.
- Patschan Susann
- Patterson Cam
- Pattingre Sophie
- Pawelek John M.
- Peng Jianxin
- Perlmutter David H.
- Perrotta Ida
- Perry George
- Pervaiz Shazib
- Peter Matthias
- Peters Godefridus J.
- Petersen Morten
- Petrovski Goran
- Phang James M.
- Piacentini Mauro
- Pierre Philippe
- Pierrefite-Carle Valérie
- Pierron Gérard
- Pinkas-Kramarski Ronit
- Piras Antonio
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- Platanias Leonidas C.
- Poirot Marc
- Poletti Angelo
- Pozuelo-Rubio Mercedes
- Poüs Christian
- Prasad Anil
- Prescott Mark
- Priault Muriel
- Produit-Zengaffinen Nathalie
- Progulske-Fox Ann
- Proikas-Cezanne Tassula
- Przedborski Serge
- Przyklenk Karin
- Prætorius-Ibba Mette
- Puertollano Rosa
- Puyal Julien
- Pöggeler Stefanie
- Qian Shu-Bing
- Qin Liang
- Qin Zheng-Hong
- Quaggin Susan E.
- Raben Nina
- Rabinowich Hannah
- Rabkin Simon W.
- Rahman Irfan
- Rami Abdelhaq
- Ramm Georg
- Randall Glenn
- Randow Felix
- Rao V. Ashutosh
- Rathmell Jeffrey C.
- Ravikumar Brinda
- Ray Swapan K.
- Reed Bruce H.
- Reed John C.
- Reggiori Fulvio
- Reichert Andreas S.
- Reiners Jr., John J.
- Reiter Russel J.
- Ren Jun
- Revuelta José L.
- Rhodes Christopher J.
- Ritis Konstantinos
- Rizzo Elizete
- Robbins Jeffrey
- Roberge Michel
- Roca Hernan
- Roccheri Maria C.
- Rocchi Stephane
- Rodemann H. Peter
- Rodríguez de Córdoba Santiago
- Rohrer Bärbel
- Roninson Igor B.
- Rosen Kirill
- Rost-Roszkowska Magdalena M.
- Rouis Mustapha
- Rouschop Kasper M.A.
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- Yao Meng-Chao
- Yao Tso-Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei-Lien
- Yin Jia-jing
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- Zacks David
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- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
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- Zhao Yi-Fang
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- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
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- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
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- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
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- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
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- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
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- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
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- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
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- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
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- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
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- Dugail Isabelle
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- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
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- Ellerby Lisa M.
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- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
- Fisher Paul B.
- Flajolet Marc
- Flores Juan B. Kouri
- Florez-McClure Maria L.
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
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- Franco Rodrigo
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- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M.
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
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- Furukawa Ruth H.
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G.
- Gao Fen-Biao
- Gao George F.
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L.
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R.
- Gegg Matthew E.
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E.
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M.
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N.
- Gibson Spencer B.
- Gilkerson Robert W.
- Ginger Michael L.
- Ginsberg Henry N.
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S.
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
- Gonzalez Claudio D.
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V.
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D.
- Green Kim N.
- Gregorc Ales
- Gros Frédéric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W.
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
- Guan Kun-Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M.
- Gukovskaya Anna S.
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Åsa B.
- Halayko Andrew J.
- Hale Amber N.
- Halonen Sandra K.
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K.
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E.
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L.
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D.
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A.
- Hayashi Shin-ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A.
- He Congcong
- He You-Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A.
- Helfrich Miep H.
- Helgason Gudmundur V.
- Henske Elizabeth P.
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K.
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J.
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G.
- Holyoake Tessa L.
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A.
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S.
- Houwerzijl Ewout J.
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-an A.
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B.
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R.
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B.
- Hussain Sabah N.A.
- Hussey Patrick J.
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Josée
- Höhfeld Jörg
- Høyer-Hansen Maria
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L.
- Ip Nancy Y.
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
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- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
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- Jackson George R.
- Jackson William T.
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X.
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- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
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- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E.
- Johnson Gail V.W.
- Jones Nicola L.
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K.
- Joubert Annie M.
- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O.
- Kampinga Harm H.
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon-A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G.
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P.
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- Kelekar Ameeta
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- Kim Dong-Hou
- Kim Eun-Kyoung
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- Kim Jae-Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
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- Kim Seong Who
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- Kimmelman Alec C.
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- Klucken Jochen
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- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
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- Korolchuk Viktor I.
- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I.
- Kovács Attila L
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz-Remy Carole
- Krichevsky Anna M.
- Kroemer Guido
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- Krüger Rejko
- Ktistakis Nicholas T.
- Kuan Chia-Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
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- Tian Yuan
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- Tomino Yasuhiko
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- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade-Martins Richard
- Walker Cheryl L.
- Walsh Craig M.
- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang-Bo
- Wang Aimin
- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
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- Wang Jin
- Wang Ke
- Wang Mei
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- Whitworth Alexander J.
- Wileman Tom
- Wiley John W.
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- Willbold Dieter
- Williams Roger L.
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- Wouters Bradly G.
- Wu Chenghan
- Wu Dao-Cheng
- Wu William K.K.
- Wyttenbach Andreas
- Xavier Ramnik J.
- Xi Zhijun
- Xia Pu
- Xiao Gengfu
- Xie Zhiping
- Xie Zhonglin
- Xu Da-zhi
- Xu Jianzhen
- Xu Liang
- Xu Xiaolei
- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun-Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng-Chao
- Yao Tso-Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei-Lien
- Yin Jia-jing
- Yin Xiao-Ming
- Yoo Ook-Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung-Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol-Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh III Herbert J.
- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M.
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
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- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
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- Zschocke Jürgen
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdelhaq Rami
- Abhinav Diwan
- Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Adalberto Merighi
- Adi Kimchi
- Adrian L. Harris
- Agnieszka Sirko
- Ahlberg J
- Ai Yamamoto
- Aimable Nahimana
- Aimee L. Edinger
- Aimin Wang
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Akio Kihara
- Akitsugu Yamamoto
- Aksam EB
- Alan Cheng
- Albert R. La Spada
- Alberto Jiménez
- Alec C. Kimmelman
- Ales Gregorc
- Alessandro Fanzani
- Alexander J. Whitworth
- Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki
- Alexandru Almasan
- Alexei Degterev
- Alexei Terman
- Alfred J. Meijer
- Alicia Meléndez
- Alison Simmons
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- Rosario A. Caruso
- Rossella Russo
- Roza Kucharczyk
- Rubem F. S. Menna-Barreto
- Ruediger Stendel
- Rui Kang
- Rumpelt HJ
- Russ Chess-Williams
- Russel J. Reiter
- Ruth H. Furukawa
- Ruth S. Slack
- Réz G
- Réz G
- Réz G
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- Sabah N.A. Hussain
- Sabine Hilfiker
- Saburo Matsuo
- Saeid Ghavami
- Safia Costes
- Sagar Lonial
- Sakagami H
- Salem Chouaib
- Salvador N
- Salvatore Florio
- Salvatore Oddo
- Sandra K. Halonen
- Sandra M. Cardoso
- Sandro Goruppi
- Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba
- Sara Cherry
- Sarah L. Waters
- Sasaki K
- Satoru Noguchi
- Saverio Minucci
- Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Schork SM
- Scott J. Bultman
- Scott M. Welford
- Scott O. Zeitlin
- Seamus J. Martin
- Sean T. Sweeney
- Seglen PO
- Seglen PO
- Seong Who Kim
- Seong-Woon Yu
- Serena Carra
- Serge Mostowy
- Serge Przedborski
- Sergio Comincini
- Sergio Lavandero
- Sergio P. Bydlowski
- Seung-Yong Yoon
- Seungmin Hwang
- Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Sharad Kumar
- Sharon A. Tooze
- Sharon Gorski
- Sharon L. McKenna
- Shazib Pervaiz
- Sheau-Huei Chueh
- Shelburne JD
- Sheng Li
- Shengbing Huang
- Shengkan V. Jin
- Shengyun Fang
- Shi Yu Yang
- Shi-Yong Sun
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- Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Shin-ichiro Hayashi
- Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Shizuo Akira
- Shoba Amarnath
- Shu-Bing Qian
- Shunhei Yamashina
- Shvets E
- Shweta Saran
- Shyamal D. Desai
- Simin Mohseni
- Simon R. Carding
- Simon W. Rabkin
- Simon Wilkinson
- Simone Engelender
- Slimane Ait-Si-Ali
- Sophie Pattingre
- Soraya S. Smaili
- Soumeya Bekri
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- Spencer B. Gibson
- Spruessel A
- Srinivasa M. Srinivasula
- Stan B. Sidhu
- Stefan E. Hardt
- Stefan J. Marciniak
- Stefan Olsson
- Stefan W. Ryter
- Stefania Meschini
- Stefanie Pöggeler
- Stefano Schiaffino
- Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Stephan T. Stern
- Stephane Rocchi
- Stephen A. Spector
- Stephen Doxsey
- Stephen Manon
- Steve S.-L. Chen
- Steven D. Harris
- Steven Finkbeiner
- Steven K. Backues
- Strømhaug PE
- Subramaniam Ganesh
- Sug Hyung Lee
- Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Suresh C. Tyagi
- Suresh K. Joseph
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- Svetlana Dokudovskaya
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- Takeshi Into
- Takeshi Noda
- Takeshi Tsubata
- Tallóczy Z
- Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Tapas Saha
- Taras Y. Nazarko
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- Thierry Soldati
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- Thomas Farkas
- Thomas G. Hofmann
- Thomas J. Begley
- Thomas J. Melia
- Thomas P. Neufeld
- Thomas R. Gawriluk
- Thomas W. Grunt
- Thorsten Nürnberger
- Tianhong Pan
- Tibor Vellai
- Timothy F. Osborne
- Timothy J. Kinsella
- Ting Han
- Ting-Fen Tsai
- Tino Kurz
- Tobias B. Huber
- Tom Wileman
- Tomasz Motyl
- Tomohiro Kabuta
- Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Tomoki Chiba
- Tomotake Kanki
- Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Tor Erik Rusten
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- Wei Yuan Yang
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- Xiang Mao
- Xiang-Bo Wan
- Xianghua Yan
- Xiangmei Chen
- Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Xiao-Ming Yin
- Xiaolei Xu
- Xiaoning Bi
- Xiaoxiang Zheng
- Xiequn Chen
- Xinbing Sui
- Xinglong Wang
- Xiongwei Zhu
- Xiujie J. Wang
- Xu Dong Zhang
- Xue-Jun Li
- Xue-Yuan Bai
- Xuejun Jiang
- Xuejun Jiang
- Xueqin Song
- Ya Hua
- Yaichiro Kotake
- Yan Cheng
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- Yasuo Uchiyama
- Yasuyoshi Sakai
- Ye-Guang Chen
- Yi Zhen Deng
- Yi-Fang Zhao
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Yi-Ping Li
- Ying Zhao
- Ying-Jan Wang
- Yingyu Chen
- Yipeng Wang
- Yohta Shimada
- Yokota S
- Yong Ma
- Yong-Joon Chwae
- Yong-Keun Jung
- Yong-Sun Kim
- Yonghyun Kim
- Yongqi Fang
- Yongqiang Chen
- Yoon-A Kang
- Yoshiaki Kamada
- Yoshihiro Shidoji
- Yoshimori T
- Yoshimura K
- Yoshinori Kawazoe
- Yoshitaka Isaka
- Yoshitaka Takano
- Yotaro Izumi
- You-Wen He
- Youji Feng
- Young Ho Koh
- Young-Chau Liu
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Yuan Tian
- Yuangang Zhu
- Yuji Moriyasu
- Yuko Yoshikawa
- Yule Liu
- Yung-Feng Liao
- Yves L. Marcel
- Zahra Zakeri
- Zelda H. Cheung
- Zhang H
- Zhen Fan
- Zhen Lu
- Zhen-Bo Wang
- Zheng Dong
- Zheng-Hong Qin
- Zhenyu Yue
- Zhi-Jun Sun
- Zhi-Min Yuan
- Zhifen Yang
- Zhigang Charles Wang
- Zhijun Xi
- Zhinong Wang
- Zhiping Xie
- Zhixiang Chen
- Zhizhuang J. Zhao
- Zhonglin Xie
- Zhou G
- Zhu H
- Zixu Mao
- Zu-Hang Sheng
- Zuzana Papackova
- Zvulun Elazar
- Åsa B. Gustafsson
- Øverbye A
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field