Thermal and area optimization for component placement on PCB design using inverse genetic algorithm

Considering the current trend of compact designs which are mostly multiobjective in nature, proper arrangement of components has become a basic necessity so as to have optimal management of heat generation and dissipation. In this work, Inverse Genetic Algorithm (IGA) optimization has been adopted in order to achieve optimal placement of components on printed circuit board (PCB). The objective functions are the PCB area and temperature of each component while the constraint parameters are; to avoid the overlapping of components, the maximum allowable PCB area is 2(120193.4)mm2 , thermal connections were internally set, and the manufacturer allowable temperature for the ICs must be more than the components optimal temperature. In the conventional Forward Genetic Algorithm (FGA) optimization, the individual fitness of components are generated through the GA process. The IGA approach on the other hand, allows the user to set the desired fitness, so that the GA process will try to approach these set values. Hence, the IGA has two major advantages over FGA; the first being a reduction in the overall computational time and the other is the freedom of choosing the desired fitness (i.e. ability to manipulate the GA output). The objectives of this work includes; development of an IGA search Engine, minimization of the thermal profile of components based on thermal resistance network and the area of PCB, and comparison of the proposed IGA and FGA performances. From the simulation results, the IGA has successfully minimized the thermal profile and area of PCB by 0.78% and 1.28% respectively. The CPU-time has also been minimised by 15.56%

Pengujian Relay Arus Lebih Woodward Tipe XI1-I di Laboratorium Jurusan Teknik Elektro

Relay woodward tipe XI1-I yang ada di laboratorium sistem proteksi dan distribusi jurusan teknik elektro politeknik negeri Lhokseumawe merupakan peralatan sistem proteksi jenis baru yang belum dioperasikan sebagai bahan ataupun modul praktikum. Tujuan dari penelitian bagaimana cara mengoperasikan relay ini sebagai alat proteksi beban lebih dan hubung singkat, dan bagaimana mengoperasikan software dari relay yaitu HTL-PL-Soft4. Salahsatu gangguan pada sistem tenaga listrik adalah over current (arus lebih). Kondisi yang menyebabkan adanya arus lebih yaitu beban lebih (over load) dan hubung singkat) (short circuit). Pengujian yang dilakukan menguji waktupemutusan relay dengan karakteristik waktu normal inverse, very inverse, extremely inverse dan defenite serta mengoperasikan software HTLPL-Soft4. Hasil pengujian NINV dengan setting arus 0,55 Ampere dan waktu tunda 0,2 detik, saat arus gangguan sebesar 3 Ampere, waktu pemutusannya adalah 1,69 detik. Hasil pengujian VINV dengan seting dan arus gangguan yang sama, waktu pemutusannya adalah 1,19 detik dan hasil pengujian EINV dengan seting dan arus gangguan yang sama, waktu pemutusannya adalah 0,75 detik

Sistem Pentanahan Pada Transformator Distribusi 20 kV di PT.PLN (Persero) Area Lhokseumawe Rayon Lhoksukon

Tujuan utama pentanahan adalah menciptakan jalur yang low-impedance (tahanan rendah) terhadap permukaan bumi untuk gelombang listrik dan transient voltage. Sistem pentanahan yang efektif akan meminimalkan efek tersebut. Sistem pentanahan memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam sistem proteksi. Sistem pentanahan digunakan sebagai jalur pelepasan arus gangguan ke tanah. Menurut fungsinya pentanahan dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu pentanahan titik netral sistem tenaga dan pentanahan peralatan. Pentanahan netral sistem tenaga berfungsi sebagai pengaman sistem atau jaringan, sedangkan pada pentanahan peralatan berfungsi sebagai pengaman terhadap tegangan sentuh Pengukuran jenis elektroda pentanahan pada transformator distribusi 20 kV Rayon Lhoksukon PT.PLN (Persero) Area Lhokseumawe Rayon Lhoksukon menggunakan 4 elektroda batang dengan nilai tahanan pentanahan sebesar 2 Ohm

Vibrations and Intelligent Tracking Control of Single Link Flexible Manipulator

Residual vibrations and oscillations at the Endpoint due to flexible body motions are big challenges in control of single link flexible manipulators. This makes payloads positioning very difficult and hence less efficient and low productivity. In this paper, a hybrid intelligent control of single link flexible manipulator is proposed. Output-based filter (OBF) was designed using the signal output of the system to suppress the tip deflections and it was incorporated with both linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller and fuzzy logic controller for set point tracking control of the system. Based on the Simulation results, it was observed that, a good tracking and significant tip deflections reduction was achieved. This was measured using the time response analysis. OBF-LQR performed better and more compatible then OBF-fuzzy

Bioefficacy of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Azadirachta indica Against Stored Product Insect Pest, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.)

Tribolium castaneum is a species of beetle in the family tenebrionidae, the darkling beetle. Conventional insecticides used for controling stored product pests are expensive and arguably associated with various severe adverse side effects hence the need to develop botanical pesticides that are effective as alternative. Though Azadrachta indica has been used for the control of so many insects, review of the literature show no scientifically investigated report of its effectiveness against T. castaneum. This study was therefore designed to evaluate bioinsecticidal activity of ethanolic leaves extract of Azadirachta indica against stored Tribolium castaneum. Different concentrations (60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%) of ethanolic leaves extract of A. indica was applied on the filter paper and were allowed to dry for a reasonable time period. Control was maintained by treating the filter paper with water only. For examining the percent mortality, 15 adults was taken in the Petri dishes embedded with Whitman’s filter paper, covered with lid and tightened with scotch tape on both sides. The A. indica extracts at different concentrations tested showed insecticidal activity against T. castaneum. Further, phytochemical screening results showed that the A. indica extract have phytochemicals associated with insecticidal activity. The study has established that the ethanoloc extract A. indica is effective in managing stored product pest

Utilisation and expenditure on long-acting insulin analogues among selected middle-income countries with high patient co-payment levels : findings and implications for the future

The number of patients with diabetes and associated complications is rising across countries including patients requiring insulin to control their diabetes. Hypoglycaemia combined generally with poor control adds to the burden of diabetes. Long-acting insulin analogues were developed to reduce hypoglycaemia, including nocturnal hypoglycaemia, and enhance adherence, which can be a problem. These benefits have resulted in increased use among high and high-middle income countries, which is continuing. However, concerns in middle and lower-income countries as insulin analogues are considerably more expensive than standard insulins. Biosimilars can reduce their costs. Consequently, important to ascertain current usage and prices of analogues across middle-income countries with high patient co-payment levels to provide future direction. Overall, limited use of insulin glargine in Kenya up to 3.6% of total insulins in one leasing hospital with prices up to 3.4 fold higher than standard insulins. Overall, limited use of insulin glargine among hospitals in Northern Nigeria and in pharmacies again due to high prices. Appreciably higher use of long-acting insulin analogues in Bangladesh enhanced by low cost biosimilars with increasing competition. Increased competition enhanced by local production can lower biosimilar costs enhancing future use of insulin glargine to the benefit of all diabetes patients requiring insulin

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

BACKGROUND: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological p ..

Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

BACKGROUND: In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030 ..

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

BACKGROUND: Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological trans ..

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015.Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores.Findings We generated 9.3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17.2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15.4-19.2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2.39 billion, 2.30-2.50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2.36 billion (2.35-2.37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.</p